An Importance of Education

â€Å"Education is our passport to the future, for tomorrow belongs to the people who prepare it today.† These words said by Malcolm X indicate how significant is the impact, which schools have on young minds. Good schooling is essential for every society and individual, as it is supposed to prepare students for the world of work later in life as well as to teach them the values and morals required in the society. In other words, it is school where teenagers are equipped with necessary skills so that they can participate effectively as member of community, hence they have a chance to contribute towards the development of common identity. For that reason, there have been many attempts to create a school environment that will allow young people to grow emotionally, physically and mentally. Consequently, there are two main choices to make. This is having a single-gender education, or a school where students are in classrooms with a mixture of genders. However, as it has been previously stated, the school should be regarded as a reflection of the real world. The real world is coeducational though, so mixed schools are rightly considered to be more proper setting for the young learners. The main concern about single-sex classrooms is that its members will not be capable of maintaining successful relationships throughout their lives since they will be accustomed to interaction only with either boys or girls. Nevertheless, being able to communicate with the other sex is crucial to prepare students for the professional world. Coeducational schools perfectly serve this function, because collaboration in classrooms is both purposeful and supervised. What is more, children there have the opportunity to be taught a broader range of essential life skills e.g. understanding more diverse points of views, mutual respect or simply how to cooperate efficiently and create successful interpersonal bonds. On the contrary, single-sex schools not only limit these possibilities for forming friendships with the opposite sex but also hinder them, as such restrictions lead to perceiving the other sex in an entirely unrealistic, ideological way, simply because children lack the time spent together. Additionally, deficiency in mutual contact deprives young people from gender segregated classrooms of an enriching experience that is learning about and from each other. That fact can be further confirmed by many researches, in relation to which children need a mix of traditionally masculine and feminine characteristics, like playing competitive sports and discussing emotions, in order to be mentally healthy. Therefore, boys who spend their time mostly with other boys are thought to be possessive and to display aggression. Girls also benefit from the boys' presence by being more courageous while performing in the society. Moreover, classroom assignment based on gender teaches young people that males and females have completely different types of intellects, which firmly supports stereotyping along with discrimination. Correspondingly, the common beliefs, that only boys can play football or videogames and only girls are allowed to play with dolls, reinforce sexism in schools and in the culture at large, as children tend to favor members of their own group, and be prejudiced against those in contrasting groups. By contrast, the children in the coed classroom are less probable to limit their interests according to gender – the girls can play football and the boys are allowed to play with dolls.Still, it has been argued that both sexes adopt different approaches towards learning, and taking it into account, they should be taught dissimilarly. Indeed, most same-sex classrooms allow teachers to tailor their lessons toward the specific needs of their students. For example, a class discussion of â€Å"Romeo and Juliet† in a boys' school can involve a study of a boy's first love analyzed from his perspective. Likewise, using books featuring lead female characters may be more appealing to young women or debating the impact of religion on young girls has the potential to really reach the target group, while such discussions in co-ed schools are usually less open and extended than those in a single-sex school. However, very few teachers are effectively trained to manage a single-gender learning environment, yet very few colleges offer specific programs or courses. Considering the fact that learning is best accomplished when the delivery method matches the subject itself, it is the quality of teachers' training— not gender of their students — that determines how successful the outcome is.Because of that, although students can also learn from home, school environments are irreplaceable during development of young minds. Rather than separate boys and girls, schools should move in the entirely opposite direction which is training boys and girls how to work together, respect and support each other. It is not long before the youth of today will be the parents, co-workers, and leaders of tomorrow. Due to that fact it is especially important to take better advantage of coeducation to frame the truly egalitarian society, that we expect to encounter in the future.

Changing Workforce Essay

Introduction: It is no surprise that the workforce is on the move and changing at a growing rate. There are several factors that lead into the changing workforce and play important roles. There are the workers who are leaving, the ones who will be staying and the new ones who will be entering, all of which have an important role to play in the US economy. This topic is important but it seems to weigh a little more heavily during an election period like we are in now. When the unemployed rate is high and the national debt is at an unprecedented amount it makes me wonder, who will our job force consist of and how will it be changing? Some of the important things that need to be considered when looking into how the workforce is changing is who is now entering the workforce that was not previously in it? How will this affect competition for jobs? Are education levels affecting the workforce? Childcare and Eldercare seem to be playing an increasing role in who works and who stays at home to care for th eir families, will this change? More minorities are also working in the US making a big change to the workforce, how does this play out with HRM and other parts of management? All of the questions and statements above need to be answered in order to find out why the workforce is changing and who comprises the majorities now. The workforce today is much more different than just 20 years ago. It is important as a human resource manager to stay up to date on these things and to know what the coming trends are for who you might be looking to employ. Significance of the topic to the field of Human Resource Management: The effects of the changing workforce on Human Resource managers are quite large. As of 2007 in healthcare there are older workers than younger ones. The issues arise in HRM with this when the technology is changing and schools are teaching different things that the older generations are not as familiar with if at all. The changing of technology in any field is greatly  affecting all parties involved. The issue of globalization and learning new policies and procedures of how to handle a workforce that is not in the same location you are is also something that is on the rise. The changing of the demographics as well as competition also plays a large role in why HRM is becoming such a fast paced changing job. The biggest issue that the US sees in the trend of the workforce changing is the older workforce. With an aged employee base come issues with health cost, retirements, age discrimination and succession planning. All of these things have to be considered and taking very seriously in HRM. It is important to handle all the issues legally and just fully but with the things like increasing healthcare cost for the older generations things get tough for the managers and decision makers. Literature Review: The article Trends and Challenges for work in the 21st Century goes over a lot of points on the changing workforce and what is making it change. It includes things such as changing demographics and why they are changing, the issue of people having or choosing not to have children while in and out of the workforce as well as our aging workforce. It looks at things such as insurance and pensions and whether or not those have any effects on people choosing to stay in the workforce longer or shorter amounts of time. Lerman, R. (n.d.). Trends and challenges for work in the 21st century. Retrieved from http://www.dol.gov/oasam/programs/history/herman/reports/futurework/conference/trends/trendsVII.htm This article had figures from the women in the workforce. It examined how many have children under 18 versus those who have children over 18 and are in the workforce. I think the goal of this study was to see how many females with younger children choose to stay at home rather than work. They also included a study of the race and sex of employees in the workforce and how it has changed. This article seemed to find that with the changes in technology, the adding of more women and more minorities to the workforce has made drastic changes and will continue to do so over the next decades. The article seems to lean on the side that people are choosing less or no children and that enables them to work more. However, having less or no children directly impacts the workforce for the coming generations. Nursing Leadership is a publication of where I found  the second article I reviewed. Although it focuses on one career instead of the workforce as a whole it is very specific how the workforce change has affected the nursing and medical industries. The change in technology seems to be the hardest adjustment for the ones who have been in the workforce the longest. Spinks, N. (n.d.). The changing workforce, workplace and nature of work. Retrieved from http://www.longwoods.com/content/19286 In this article Spinks talks about in 2010 that the older workforce will outweigh the younger ones. She talks about issues of predicting retirement, â€Å"Women’s retirement patterns are somewhat less predictable because we are only now beginning to experience large numbers of women in the paid labour force working until retirement†. (Spinks) Although the article is done about healthcare she makes a lot of good notations and observations about the workforce as a whole. In this article she lays out 7 strategies and solutions to help maintain a good strong workforce. Spinks did a lot of her observations and studies in Canada. One section of the article talks about having a workforce shortage and I can assure you the US has not had this issue in the last few years. She found that the workforce in Canada is much like the population there, many are not from Canada but rather born somewhere else and migrated there or their ancestors came to Canada making the work population there very diverse. To me it seems Spinks found that technology and diversity in the nursing and healthcare industry are the biggest struggles when you start to think about the workforce changing. That although this study was done in Canada where their health system is a bit different from that of the US the overall concept of the workforce aging and changing is the same. In the article the workforce is changing the way we do business printed in the USA today magazine the author talks about the corporations being able to keep up and how to handle the changes. The author goes into some detail on how to keep a completive edge even when your employee base that you once knew is now completely different. The author also talks about what to look for in the new employees that will be emerging, or what kind of people you should look to hire. Herman, R. E. (n.d.). The workforce is changing the way we do busines. Retrieved from http://www.retentionconnection.com/retention_article_workforce_changing.html This article explores the idea that its not just customers looking to be satisfied within a business but the workers are as well. Herman states that  while there are people out there willing to do work there are not enough qualified for the skilled jobs, thus making the competitive advantage harder to achieve today. One idea that Herman explores to help with this problem or situation is to concentrate on building workforce stability. He explains it like this â€Å"Concentrate on building workforce stability. Forget the revolving door of recruiting and hiring any warm body. It doesn’t work and will just create more problems for you. Replacing people who leave will become more chal lenging. Evaluate the qualifications for your next hire(s), and become more selective. If you’re going to invest in retention, you might as well have good people to retain.† (Herman) This article to me states there is indeed changes happening in the workforce but more importantly is how as a business we embrace the changes and hang on for what could be a rough time. It shows the importance of having skilled workers to help your company but at the same time there are not as many of them as there once was. Workforce planning makes for a smarter reduction in force is an article that seems to relate very well to the economic times the country has been and seems to be copiously enduring in regards to jobs and job demands. The idea that businesses need to cut cost means they have to look at lowering their work force to save money. This takes a different approach then the normal how is the workface changing articles bur rather how are businesses changing the workforce. Garbis, N. (01, 2010 06). Workforce planning makes for a smarter reduction in force. Retrieved from http://www.humanresourcesiq.com/business-strategies/articles/workforce-planning-makes- This article goes over the idea that businesses in this time of the economy being hard and not being as profitable they sometimes offer the employee to take some sort of severance package and leave. Garbis says you have the worse problem when to many leave, or you forecast incorrectly of how many of your workforce you need to eliminate. His studies show that having workforce planning in place can be very beneficial but it is something that needs to be re-visited often so that to many or to few employees are let go back out into the workforce when really they are needed. The article A Global March toward an aging workforce was written after a speech by an author of a man named Ted Fishman. Fishman looks at the ideas that the age range of the world population and those who are working now is not near the same as it was a decade or two ago.

Final Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Final - Coursework Example In order to determine the feasibility of a project and to allow for comparisons between those that are mutually exclusive several very useful and highly recognised techniques are available. They include: I. Net present value (NPV) II. Internal rate of return (IRR) III. Accounting Rate of Return (ARR); and IV. Simple payback There are three (3) machines that the firm is considering as an investment. They are the Alumier which it currently uses; Big EZ and Cial. The objective of evaluating these investments is to determine which would be more beneficial to the firm. Evaluating Capital Budgeting Tools The NPV, IRR, ARR and simple payback. The advantages and disadvantages of using these methods are noted weaknesses and the relevant calculations to aid in the decision process are noted. Net Present Value (NPV) The net present value takes the time value of money into account and so the cash flows are discounted over the useful life of the asset. A NPV of zero means that the cash flow from the project would be sufficient to repay the initial investment only but would not contribute anything extra. A NPV that is less than zero (negative) would indicate that the funds generated from the project cannot generate sufficient funds to repay the initial investment and therefore should not be undertaken. On the other hand a positive NPV indicates that the project would be able to repay the initial investment and also allow some returns to shareholders (Brigham and Ehrhardt 2005). A positive NPV therefore means that the project under consideration is a worthwhile investment and should be undertaken. This method is very popular but has a number of shortcomings. Titman et al (2011) indicates that in case of capital rationing the NPV is not the deal method as choosing the projects with the highest profitability but not the highest NPV overall when compared to a number of smaller projects. Additionally some of the budget may be left unused. The formula for calculating the NPV is: N PV = CF0 + ((CF1/(1 +

Microeconomics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 4

Microeconomics - Essay Example The worst thing about monopoly is that the seller gets market command by which he may exploit the customers either by charging high rate or sacrificing product quality. Though, monopoly is not a good thing in the market, it cannot be avoided from the market. Suppose, when the seller has a monopoly over certain resources which are used for producing a particular item such as oil, minerals etc. Sometimes, when a seller is equipped with a unique skill, which others in the same industry lack. In certain occasions, monopoly is legally attained for the patent or copy right for a product/service. Government also allows certain organisation to have sole power over certain product/service by legislation. One such organisation is what this paper is going to discuss about. Indian Railway comes under the department of Indian Government, which came into being in1853. It is the world’s second largest rail network. All the rail operations are managed by the state-owned Indian Railways, which fall under the jurisdiction of Ministry of Railways. Rail transport is one of the common modes of the transport for large population of the country. Its network spreads across 28 states and 3 union territories with limited services to places like Nepal, Bangladesh and Pakistan. (Indian Railways, para. 4) It is the second largest commercial employer in the world and has more than 1.54 million employees and runs as many as 11,000 trains daily. (Official web site of Indian Railway). It has been assisting the growth of Indian economy directly and indirectly since its inception. During the many ups and downs of the country’s economy in the past, railway has been an integrating force to stabilize the economy and maintain economic growth of the country. Indian Railway is not a private corporate body. It operates under the Railway Department of Ministry of Railways of Government of India. But, in the recent times it is striving to attain the professionalism in

Protection of Mail-Order Brides Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Protection of Mail-Order Brides - Essay Example From this study it is clear that there has been an increase in the establishment of mechanisms through which mail-order brides can be protected from husbands who are abusive and fro other dehumanizing arrangements such as human trafficking. Nevertheless, after the mail-order brides enter into their new homes, most of the legal protections lose their impact as a result of the marriage’s private nature as a domestic realm and the inability of the brides to navigate the landscape of their new homes, which are mostly in foreign an unfamiliar countries. This study discusses that it is important to note that due to the increasing demand of the mail-order wife as a replacement for the local women who have developed a career culture and are deemed as less â€Å"family oriented†, mail-order bride websites have developed advertisement terms that meet the expectations of the subscribers (Kusel, 2014). Nevertheless, upon interaction with the foreign culture, after marriage, such women get oriented to the foreign culture and thus tend to develop contrasting views with those of their husband concerning gender roles. This is an aspect that leads to increased disagreements and subjects the women to the increased risk of domestic violence. In addition, most of the websites that advertise such women tend to use attractive pictures that portray them as sex commodities. This exposes such women to men who pose as husbands yet they end up enslaving them sexually and abusing them upon marriage. As such, it is clear that most of the women who p ursue a better life through seeking husbands via the mail-order bride sites are commoditized as sex toys and subjected to abuse amidst legislations that are aimed at protecting them. Various countries have developed legislation to protect mail-order brides and other immigrants who are at risk of exploitation.  

The Features Of Immigration Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Features Of Immigration - Essay Example Legalization of the permits held by American immigrants would increase their wages. This has a multiplier effect on the entire economy and would result in an overall increase in the gross domestic product (GDP) by over 1.5 trillion dollars over the next decade. These increased amounts would result in greater employment levels, greater demand, exports, and output. Overall it would translate to better living standards for all the American people. On the other hand, mass deportations as proposed by some people would result in a decrease in the gross domestic product (GDP) by almost double this figure. This translates to about 2.05 trillion dollars over one decade. The difference between the two scenarios is over 3.5 trillion dollars. This clearly shows that immigrants positively benefit the American economy. Fighting an economic reality is not only a difficult endeavor, but it is also an endeavor whose chances of success are very slim. Americans are trying to fight an economic crisis oc casioned by mismanagement of their economy. The economy was brought to its knees through a misdirection of tax funds and a poor regulatory environment. Money that should be used at home in supporting new investments to increase employment is instead directed to wars that are not beneficial to the American people. The financial sector that triggered the collapse of the economy had prospered for many years under insufficient laws and regulations. In short, the prosperity was just a bubble that would eventually burst sooner or later. Rather than blame our problems on immigrants, it would be better to focus on the real issues. Such an approach will help us move forward and avoid similar problems in future. The truth is that immigrants do not violently rob Americans of their jobs. Rather than resort to empty rhetoric about their being in America and how it equals to fewer jobs for Americans, the question should be why they are in employment in the first place and not the Americans. As the poem So Mexicans Are Taking Jobs from Americans puts it, â€Å"Do they come on horses with rifles, and say, Ese gringo, gimmee

E-BUSINESS INDIVIDUAL REPORT WITH A WEBSITE Essay

E-BUSINESS INDIVIDUAL REPORT WITH A WEBSITE - Essay Example Official websites play the role of public relations for the business establishments. Their customers have direct connection to the company and feel better informed when they access the official websites. Internet has also opened up a new concept of business operation, the click concept or rather the online shop concept. Gone are the days when to launch a product a brick and mortar model was required. The new trend in the market is the online marketing of products. The click and mortar model of e- business is preferred by many now. Products are shown in these websites with their properties and price range. The customer is able to choose from the options and order the product. The payment is done online and the product is delivered at home. Thus, completely removing the cost incurred in having a brick establishment. Having a proper shop in mall or in a commercial area is a very costly affair but the new trend in the market has made it a complimentary service rather than an essential se rvice. The spread of internet in the globe across has brought this remarkable change. Most people have access to internet in their daily lives and are more accessible through internet (Weill and Vitale, 2001, p.7-9) Business Literature on e-business Internet has indeed condensed the boundaries amongst the countries across the globe. Making promotion in other countries very easy. Doing business in other countries is also become easier due to easy mode of online payment. Shipment from across the globe has also become a very conceivable concept. Making it easier for business establishments to do business online. The main focus when a company makes their website should be, to create attention amongst target audience. The website has to be informative and attention grabbing in a right sense. Attention of customers looking for the particular product on the internet has to be first caught. The website therefore needs to be appealing to the target audience. Viral marketing is a very new con cept. For websites the term used is SEM, search engine marketing. The basic goal of SEM is to promote a certain webpage by increasing the traffic of the website. This can be done either developing the content of the website in such a way that the hits on the website is maximised. The first step for any website marketing is to make it more visible. Optimisation of search engines provides this facility to the website. Once the attention of the viewing customers is won, then business can be done with them. Certain aspects must be taken care of when websites are designed. It is important for each website in order to get more customers that it appears in the first page of any search engine. Customers often search their requirements in search engines and very few like to go beyond options appearing on the first page. The website also needs to be very informative about the origin of the company, the history behind the company, the products that are available and the extra services given by the company. The website should also have details about the various payment modes accepted by them. These informations are very essential for the customer looking for making an online booking of a product. Display of products on the websit

Karl Marx Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 2

Karl Marx - Essay Example Though earlier works created by Marx seem to be advocating the scientific and technological development by taking it to be beneficial for the growth of human societies through his political ideology (156-7); nevertheless, his later works looks opposing the same partly because of the increase in exploitation of proletariat by bourgeoisie in the wake of industrial developments taking place in society (324). Somehow, instead of censuring the development, Marx aims to defy the evils the development had brought along with it. Since the political, social, economic, cultural and religious environment under which man is brought up and experiences the socialization process leaves an indelible imprints on his ideological thoughtfulness, the initial era cognitive development and thoughts keep on influencing his outlook and opinion on the one side, and regulating his actions and behavior on the other; the same is equally applied to the set of political and socioeconomic beliefs maintained by thi s distinguished philosopher and Father of Socialism i.e. Karl Marx (1817-1883). Born in the culturally divided Prussian state of Europe, Marx personally noticed the existence of the state of conflict between the social classes, which helped the young philosopher to examine the prevailing circumstances within the historical background of human societies. Instead of adopting the notion that the development of human societies was an outcome of the growth of the rule of law or man’s cognitive development, Marx declares it actually the result of material conditions of life (3). The improvement of material conditions of life, according to Marx, simply refers to the development of means of production actually, which play decisive role in enhancing the political and economic conditions as well as intellectual growth of the individuals and societies, which he has also described in his letter to Kreuznach (12). In addition to this, the latest modes of productions, Marx elucidates, not only increase the productivity to an imperative extent, but also pave the way towards the exploration of further avenues of productivity in the wake of the advent of technological advancements (153). Consequently, Marx’s initial years political ideology appears to be providing an unconditional support to the advent of industrial growth taking place within his social surroundings. Somehow, this great German thinker has aptly viewed the rapid flow of industrialization to be detrimental for the peace and stability of society in his later work(s). The claim was actually the outcome of the disadvantages the industrialization had introduced in society by allowing the domination of the investors as the owner of all production units in the Marx’s contemporary European societies. Since the proletariat used to work from dawn to dusk in the production activities of the industrial units, and hence maintained major share in income and profit generation, they certainly deserved the same proportion of share in profit volume (341). However, the lion’s share went to the producer/owner of the industry, according to Marx, without offering any benefits necessary for improving the condition of the workers altogether (376). Such a perturbed state of affairs not only invites disappointment of the workers, but also sense of alienation started haunting the minds of the workers,

How organizational culture relates to innovation Essay Example for Free

How organizational culture relates to innovation Essay How Organizational Culture Can Support Creativity and Innovation when we think of the terms Innovation and creativity we automatically think of the Individual. We often ask ourselves, what can the Individual bring into an organization? What type of creativity does the Individual have that can support the organization and how would it help the organization grow? As we ask ourselves these questions we are often overlooking the important aspects that correlate to an individuals capability of creativity and innovation It is important to understand the context In which the Individual functions (Mclean. 05, pg,227). one vltal aspect Is the organizational culture. organizational culture Is denned as the shared values, beliefs and traditions that exist among individuals In an organization. When we refer to the culture in an organization we should consider if everyone In the organization have shared values and beliefs that contribute towards the organization. If so what is the organization doing to influence these work ethics. It is important that individuals maintain a healthy organizational culture because it is an observable powerful point In the organization. hitch has a potent effect on the company well king and Its success. Now that we have analyzed the Importance of organizational culture, lets examine In how it can be done. Creativity and Innovation comes into the organization in a form of a cycle in most cases. These two aspects are influenced by the organizational culture, while the organizational culture is mostly influenced by the organization itself and the experience the workers bring with them tom previous employers (Qwabe. 2013, P. 3). The organization Influences from the very beginning of the hiring process. From the selection process the company chooses a certain amount of Individuals In which they eel have qualities that can bring a positive outlook to the company. These qualities may include; dynamic personalities, strong values and a clear vision on how to operate the business. Another way the company influences from this point is the type of attitude the interviewer is portraying to the interviewee. During the selection process the Interviewer gives a sense out their ethos and their attitude towards the company. This approach transmits to the Interviewee and Influences them In such a way that can determine the enthusiasm on being hired (Qwabe, 2013, P. 7) The other influence the organizational culture has is the experience the workers bring with them from previous employers and other external forces. Past experience can affect the work ethics and any contribution an individual may have with the current company. The influence towards the organizational culture can also be vice versa, In which the experience the company had with the previous employees. In such case the organization learns from critical experiences from the external forces. As the learning occurred, the organizations history becomes memories that After the selection process the organization must continue the positive attitudes nd work as leaders to maintain the positive behavior to ensure long term survival for the organization culture. When the organization leaders motivates the employees, the employers are more likely to feel engaged to their work resulting from better and more satisfactorily work outcomes (Sarrows, Cooper, Santora, 2008, P. 46). There are many tactics some organizations have developed to transmit this motivation and to enhance the positive working environment within the organizational culture. There are six factors in which the organizational leaders use to promote the positive environment. These six are; articulating a vision for the future, providing an appropriate role model, fostering the acceptance of goals, setting high performance expectat ions, providing individual support and providing intellectual stimulation (Sarrows, Cooper, Santora, 2008, P. 46-147). Organizational leaders use these six factors to affiliate it into their own leadership style. This helps them with the enhancement of creativity and innovation by advocating the organizational culture. There are four functions in which help bring the organizations culture to life. These four functions include organizational identity, sense making device, collective commitment and social system stability (Qwabe, 2013, P. 12). The first function that will be discussed is the organizational identity. When an organization has a sense of identity it is giving the employees a better sense with what the organization wants, giving the employee a more coherent vision and understanding to the organizations objective. Therefor it is providing the employee a more comfortable state where the employee can feel more part of the mission while also strengthening the establishment of what the company is really about and what they stand for. The second function is the collective commitment. When referring to collective commitment we are referring to the energy the employee drives around the important aspects of the favors the organization. It is important for an organization to articulate collective commitments because when employees assemble together and commit themselves to their goals and missions, the relationship amongst each other change for the better. They feel morally obligated to embody their own actions and motivate each other to reach their daily goals. Social system stability is another function of organizational cultural, yet it is also a very important appliance to the organization itself. Social system stability provides a more positive work environment giving the opportunity for the employees to have a more respectable work place. This function helps employees with the ability to resolve conflicts using a problem-focused approach rather than a person focused approach or a blaming mentality. These approaches help avoid any possible conflicts in the workplace creating the workplace to be less tensed and a more complaisant environment. device the organizational culture is being given a broader understanding on what the companys strategy and values are. It gives the employee a sort of behavior shaping hat helps employees a sense of their surroundings. With this function the employees have a better comprehension in to the objective of the organization, how the organization functions and how the organization aspires to succeed their goals (Qwabe, 2013, P. 13-14). In conclusion it is set that organizational culture does indeed support creativity and innovation. These articles have also prover that the organization itself is greatly influenced within the members of the organizational culture. This is an important aspect of a successful organization. References Qwabe, N. P (2013). University of Fort Hare Faculty of Management Commerce Department of Industrial Psychology. (ONINE) Available at:http://www. academia. edu/1964153/ Organisational_culture_lnnovation_and_creativty. (Last Accessed 1 1. Nov. 2013). McLean, L. D. (2005). Organizational Cultures Influence on Creativity and innovation: A Review of the Literature and Implications for Human Resource Development. Advances in Developing Human Resources, 7(2), 226-246. Sarrows, J. C. , Cooper, B. K. , Santora, J. C. , (2008). Building a Climate for Innovation Through Transformational Leadership and Organizational Culture. Journal of Leadership and Organizational Studies. 15 (2), pp. 145-148

Sex difference and mathematical reasoning Essay Example for Free

Sex difference and mathematical reasoning Essay The main aim of the study was to determine whether mathematical reasoning is influence by sex of a person due to inconsiderate admission criteria that was adopted in United States for awarding scholarships to students irrespective of sex. In order to achieve this, the study selected sample population from both genders for students who were 13 years and above. The study was a result of the argument that males tend to dominate in mathematical aptitude test, which was evidenced by John Hopkins talent search in 1971 to 1979. Hence, Benbow and Stanley had to carry out this study to prove whether the argument was true and whether there was link between sex and ability to have good mathematical reasoning. Benbow and Stanley in this study investigated sex difference at the high level possible of the mathematical reasoning ability. The study was started by first identifying two groups of students who had the best mathematical reasoning from various mathematical aptitude test that they had taken. The study adopted two procedures where the first one involved identification and selection of students who took part in John Hopkins talent searches campaign from 1980 to 1982 (Benbow, Stanley, 1983). The students who were found to have the highest intellectual ability and below 13 years were given college Scholarship aptitude test, (SAT) to determine their mathematical reasoning. Consequently, the second procedure involved conducting nation-wide talent search and selecting those students who were below 13 years and were willing to take SAT. The results of this study indicated that students who were 13 years of age and below had high mathematical reasoning as evidenced by high scores in SAT, the mathematical part of the test. In addition, the results found that males scored far much high compared to females and thus support the prediction of the study that sex difference play important part in mathematical reasoning for children below 13 years. The evidence from the study indicated that those who scored 400 marks in SAT, males were more than female in the ratio of 1.51:1 and those who scored 600 marks or more the boys to girsl ration was 4.1:1, which showed that males had better mathematical reasoning compared to girls at the age of 13 (Benbow, Stanley, 1983). Consequently, nationwide talent search had the similar results with boy to girls’ ratio increasing to 12.6:1 for those that score 700 marks or more. The significance level Null distribution is the study probability distribution when null hypothesis is considered and regarded to be true. This means that null hypothesis it proved using null distributions. In this case, the alternative hypothesis is rejected. However, where the study does not support the null hypothesis, the said concludes by rejecting the null hypothesis at a given level of significance. Therefore, 0.05 significance means that the null hypothesis was rejected at 95% level of significance. The standard deviation error helps to determine the level of unbiased data and results of a given study and thus it becomes very important in any study. In this study, the standard error was important to determine the level of errors and thus improve the level of data reliability. Similarly, the confidence interval is used as the measure of reliability of the estimates obtained in the study. This helps to indentify if the data is misleading or within the significance level. References Benbow, C. P., Stanley, J. C. (1983). Sex differences in mathematical reasoning ability: More facts.  Science,  222(4627), 1029-1031. Source document

RNA World Theory: Summary and Analysis

RNA World Theory: Summary and Analysis This essay will explore the principles of the RNA world theory and supports and criticisms for it. It will look at the properties of RNA which make this theory viable and it will also look briefly at alternate competing theories. RNA, which stands for ribonucleic acid, is a polymeric molecule made up of one or more nucleotides. Each nucleotide is made up of a base: adenine, cytosine, guanine, and uracil, a ribose sugar, and a phosphate which can then form chains. Like DNA, RNA has four main structures: primary, which is the basic polypeptide chain. The Secondary structure is a twisted form of the chain into usually an alpha helix and beta sheet. The tertiary structure is a further folded shape and is often unique. This structure determines the function of the protein. Finally the quaternary is the joining together of multiple tertiary subunits to form one large subunit. The discovery of ribozymes supported the RNA World Hypothesis. This is the theory that earlier life forms may have relied solely on RNA to catalyse chemical reactions and store genetic information. This hypothesis was proposed by Carl Woese, Francis Crick and Leslie Orgel in the 1960s, this was decades before the discovery of ribozymes but soon after the double-helical structure of DNA was determined. According to the RNA World Hypothesis, life later evolved to use DNA and proteins due to RNAs instability relative to DNA and its poorer catalytic properties. Gradually, ribozymes became increasingly phased out. A ribozyme, ribonucleic acid enzyme, is an RNA molecule that is capable of performing specific biochemical reactions, similar to the action of protein enzymes. The structure of RNA nucleotides is very similar to that of DNA nucleotides, with the main difference being that the ribose sugar backbone in RNA has a hydroxyl group that DNA does not. Another minor difference is that DNA uses the base thymine in place of uracil. Despite great structural similarities, DNA and RNA play very different roles from one another in modern cells. RNA plays a central role in the pathway from DNA to proteins, known as the Central Dogma of molecular biology. An organisms genetic information is encoded as a linear sequence of bases in the cells DNA. During transcription, an RNA copy of a segment of DNA, messenger RNA (mRNA), is made. This strand of RNA can then be read by a ribosome to form a protein. Another major difference between DNA and RNA is that DNA is usually found in a double-stranded form in cells, while RNA is typically found in a single-stranded form. The lack of a paired strand allows RNA to fold into complex, three-dimensional structures. RNA folding is typically mediated by the same type of base-base interactions that are found in DNA, with the difference being that bonds are formed within a single strand in the case of RNA, rather than between two strands, in the case of DNA. The strongest evidence for the RNA World Hypothesis is the fact that the ribosome, a large molecular complex that assembles proteins, is a ribozyme. Although the ribosome is made up of both RNA and protein components, structural and biochemical analyses revealed that the mechanisms for translation is catalysed by RNA, not proteins. This suggests that the use of RNA by early life forms to carry out chemical reactions may have preceded the use of proteins. John Sutherland and his colleagues from the University of Manchester performed and experiment that greatly supports the RNA world hypothesis. He and his team created a ribonucleotide, which is a major part of RNA, from simple chemicals. These chemicals are those though to be present on the early earth, or primordial soup. Donna Blackmond, a chemist at Imperial College London, stated that this is extremely strong evidence for the RNA world. We dont know if these chemical steps reflect what actually happened, but before this work there were large doubts that it could happen at all. Critics of these ideas suggest that other organic molecules, rather than nucleic acids, were the first self-replicating chemicals capable of storing genetic information. According to this idea, these simple hereditary systems were later replaced by nucleic acids during the course of evolution. Electric Spark Generation of amino acids and sugars from the atmosphere. The  Miller-Urey supports this theory. The experiment in 1952 was one  that simulated the conditions thought at the time to be present on the  early Earth, and tested for the occurrence of  the chemical origins of life. Miller took molecules which were believed to represent the major components of the early Earths atmosphere and put them into a closed system. The gases they used were methane (CH4), ammonia (NH3), hydrogen (H2), and water (H2O). Next, he ran a continuous electric current through the system, to simulate lightning storms believed to be common on the early earth. Miller observed that as much as 10-15% of the carbon was now in the form of organic compounds. Two percent of the carbon had formed some of the amino acids which are used to make proteins. Millers experiment showed that organic compounds such as amino acids, which are essential to cellular life, could be made easily under the condi tions that scientists believed to be present on the early earth. Community Clay The first molecules of life might have met on clay, according to an idea elaborated by organic chemist Alexander Graham Cairns-Smith at the University of Glasgow in Scotland. These surfaces might not only have concentrated these organic compounds together, but also helped organize them into patterns much like our genes do now. Chilly Start As the sun was about a third less luminous than it is now. This layer of ice, possibly hundreds of feet thick, might have protected fragile organic compounds in the water below from ultraviolet light and destruction from cosmic impacts. The cold might have also helped these molecules to survive longer, allowing key reactions to happen. Simple Beginnings Instead of developing from complex molecules such as RNA, life might have begun with smaller molecules interacting with each other in cycles of reactions. These might have been contained in simple capsules akin to cell membranes, and over time more complex molecules that performed these reactions better than the smaller ones could have evolved. Panspermia Rocks regularly get blasted off Mars by cosmic impacts, and a number of Martian meteorites have been found on Earth that some researchers have controversially suggested brought microbes over here, potentially making us all Martians originally. Other scientists have even suggested that life might have hitchhiked on comets from other star systems. There is no scientific evidence to suggest that RNA is spontaneously being created and capable of forming pre-cellular life today. While some artificial ribozymes have been created in the laboratory (reviewed in Chen, et al., 2007), there are still significant holes in reproducing an RNA world to support the hypothesis. The ribozymes created artificially lack the abilities to sufficiently process themselves, and there is no evidence of them producing large quantities of advantageous nucleotide sequences. Moreover, no system has ever created cellular life. There is even significant debate among scientists over the conditions and constituents of a prebiotic Earth model.

Whether or Not Macbeth is Deserving of Pity in Shakespeares Play Macbe

In the last scene of â€Å"Macbeth†, Malcolm describes Macbeth as â€Å"this dead butcher† which could be argued is the best way to sum up Macbeth’s character. The word â€Å"butcher† implies slaughter and brutality. Macbeth is certainly guilty of butchery, the cruel, senseless killing of people. Malcolm uses the word â€Å"butcher† to provoke appalling memories of Macbeth’s deeds from the audience. But could Macbeth’s behavior ever be justified? Could Macbeth ever be pitied or even excused for the actions he took? Shakespeare chooses to have Malcolm describe Macbeth as â€Å"this dead butcher† for a reason. Clearly, Malcolm loathes Macbeth for killing his father and so his choice of language, such as â€Å"butcher†, will be biased. This will also sway the audience to dislike Macbeth, because Malcolm is the hero by saving Scotland. The audience would have wanted to be on the winning side, witch is undoubtedly Malcolm‘s. At this point in the play, I don’t think Shakespeare intended the audience to pity or excuse Macbeths deeds. At the beginning of the play, Macbeth started as a well-respected thane but as he rose to power, became a guilty murderer. However, Macbeth was influenced and tricked by many others in the play and I will explain why a case could therefore be made to defend him. The three witches, or the weird sisters, approach Macbeth on a dark day in a Scottish moor. Shakespeare uses the weather to suggest that the witches are evil. The scene, with thunder and lightening, reflects the witches thoughts- which are intent on creating trouble and stirring things up. The weather also predicts a stormy future for Macbeth. The setting, â€Å"A desolate place† immediately sounds eerie and spooky. This shows that the Witches plan to manipulate Macbeth from th... ...r all he has done. I feel strongly that we are meant to feel pity for Macbeth at the end of the play. I believe that the Shakespearian audience would not have excused Macbeth for the murder of the Macduffs but perhaps for the murder of banquoe, because it was torture for Macbeth to think becoming king was all for nothing if Banquo’s offspring succeeded the throne after himself. I do not think the audience are meant to regard Macbeth as just a â€Å"butcherâ€Å", because of the shame Macbeth clearly feels at the end. Although Macbeth is guilty of the deception of his best friend, his king, as well as his subjects, he can be excused because he was manipulated by many others in the play such as his wife and the witches. I feel that the actual play Macbeth is quite relevant for the 21st centaury. The moral is still significant today. The themes in Macbeth are relevant too.

Career of Larry Bird :: essays research papers

Some player's wish of winning a NBA Title but 'Larry Legend' won 3. Being the 5th overall pick in the 1978 NBA Draft Larry Bird played 13 seasons as a Boston Celtic, winning 3 NBA Championships in 1981, '84, and '86. He was Finals MVP twice in 1984, and '86, NBA MVP 3 straight years in 1984, ?85, and ?86, NBA All- Star for 9 straight years 1980- '89, elected to the Naismith Memorial Hall of Fame in 1998, Nine- time All NBA 1st Team 1980- '88, and Olympic Gold Medalist in 1992 with the 'Dream Team'. Born on December 7, 1956 in West Baden, Indiana, Larry Bird was raised in French Link, Indiana, he went to Springs Valley High School, and he also attended and played basketball for Indiana, and Indiana State University. Growing up Larry's family always struggled financially so Georgia and Joe Bird would often send their son Larry to live with his grandparents. In 1975 after Larry's parents had divorced his father Joe Bird committed suicide due to alcoholism and personal difficulties. Despite everything he had been through by the time he was a sophomore in high school Larry had become one of the best players in French Link. In 1976 Larry received a basketball scholarship to Indiana University where he would've played for coach Bobby Knight, but he left school after a week because he was homesick. A few months later Larry enrolled himself into Indiana State University. In his senior season at ISU Larry led the Sycamores to the NCAA Championship game where they played the Michigan State Spartans led by Larry's soon to be rival Earvin 'Magic' Johnson. Unfortunately for Larry and the Sycamores they lost to the Spartans, but Larry left ISU as the 5th highest scorer in NCAA history. Shortly before the deadline Larry finally signed with the Boston Celtics for $650,000, making him the highest paid rookie in NBA history. Larry's collegiate rival Earvin 'Magic' Johnson had also entered the NBA with the Los Angeles Lakers. Not only did they fight for the National Championship a year before, but their rookie seasons they were both in the run for Rookie of the Year. Magic may have taken the NCAA title but Larry took the Rookie of the Year award and was voted into the Eastern Conference All- Star team in the 1979- '80 season.

Feminization of Poverty Essay

Poverty has been going through a feminization process in the recent decades. The overwhelming majority of those in poverty and those affected by poverty have been women recently. The trend has been set by the thousand of working women that head a single parent household. These women work and work and still are barely able to support their family. There are also other things impacting the feminization of poverty. One issue that has had a huge impact is the mass incarceration across the country. The men that would otherwise be working to help support a family are in prison, and when they get out of prison, they either can’t get a job or they can’t find a place to live. This causes poverty to become even more feminized by taking away a large amount of male help, and not allowing the families that are reunited to get welfare. Another issue associated with the feminization of poverty is the simple fact that women get payed less for the same jobs as a man would. Purely on the basis of their sex, the women are doomed to make 77 cents to every man’s dollar. In addition to their gender, if a woman is of color, any color other than white, she will make even less. Hispanics for example can make as low as 72 cents to every man’s dollar. With the combination of all of these issues, women are continually held back by regulations and by circumstances that they can’t avoid. These are not all of the issues associated with the feminization of poverty, but these are several of the main ones.

Identify Risk, Threats, and Vulnerabilities

Some risks that I have identified are social engineering techniques due to the excessive trust given to messages coming from friends, contacts or followed people within the OSN(Online-Social Network) identity theft and information leaking furthermore, spam sending and malware distribution through Social Networks are increasing at an incredible pace. They are not the only threats. Within the World Wide Web, social network is becoming the favorite target for cybercriminals. This Attention requires an intensive focusing of web security efforts and money the most significant threats along with the common vulnerabilities exploited. Sensitive attribute inference through machine learning algorithms it is possible to infer sensitive data from one user. Collecting data from user’s contacts and experimented attacker can predict some not explicit data. For example, if all the friends of one user belong to one political party, it is safe to predict that the user has the same political ten dencies. Excessive exposition of private data inadequate privacy configuration settings may lead to publishing sensitive information. Some of the threats are private data management is a key feature that I have found inside of social networks. Digital dossier building- Everyone can collect published information through different OSN about one user and extract a complete dossier about it, Secondary Data Collection users may grant the platform secondary information (such as IP address, contacts list, messages or visited pages) Re-identification in spite of using fake data to register on a Social Network it is feasible to associate users shared data (such as text, photos, and video’s) with real names or e-mail directions. Vulnerabilities associated with OSN it is difficulty to completely remove all user information when deleting an account. When users try to leave a Social Network, license agreement clauses appear rights that are transferred to the platform when the content is uploaded. Thus if one would like to remove there uploaded material, it would find that the only way to do so is by deleting the videos or photos one by one manually another vulnerability would be weak authentication method on the internet are one of the most important vulnerabilities that web environments have nowadays. The combination of user-name and password is commonly misused by the user who seeks easy-to-remember login details (such as short user-name and passwords, passwords with no combination of numbers and letters same username and password for several domains) another vulnerability is non-validation of users data during registration process. Most of the OSN do not use a validation process during new user’s registration. Unfortunately, just checking a valid email address, the preferred validation requirements, is not an adequate method, which leads to proliferation of fake populating the network. In conclusion On-line social networks represent one of the last and most important internet services most of the enterprises hesitate to integrate OSN into their business model, this new phenomenon cannot be ignored, but neither can be adopted without knowing the risks account when attempting to protect users and systems. I have identified the risk, the threats that compromise them and noted the vulnerabilities exploited by those threats.

Summary notes Billy elliot

Purpose Present viewers with the realities of being different Changing pre-conceptions towards themes of gender and sexuality through a story of a young boy dealing with these issues Encourages acceptance and breaking free from stereotypes Links to ‘Into the World' Young people have ability to rise against prejudice and overcome obstacles to become a success as they move into adulthood E. G. Billy reluctantly participating in boxing to please his father (obstacles) 0 naturally drawn to ballet which is contrasted to Tony's violent, defiant character (e. Riot scene where Tony attempts to evade the police and Is captured and beaten) with Billy's quiet and gentle persona to demonstrate different ways In which young people transition Into adulthood. Billy does not fit the male stereotype expected from the working class Love of music and dancing that separates him from other boys his age His dream is to possibly escape the angry, motherless family through Mrs.. Wilkinson suggestion f or the Royal Ballet School. He responds to the loss of his mother with grief, opposing the angry, silent espouses of Tony and Jackie.He experiences difficult situations for an eleven year old though responds with courage, passion and determination. This affirms Mrs.. Wilkinson advice that: â€Å"It's not about what you know†¦ It's about how you move, how you express yourself,† Aftermath of Billy's experiences of growing up and moving into the world are positive and negative Positive: Achieves his goal to be a dancer and surpass the restrictions of the congested town Negative: Criticism of schoolmates and family 0 must hide his passion from the worldThe piano that belonged to Billy's mother acts as a symbol of hope and escape for Billy E. G. Jackie yells at Billy to stop playing, foreshadowing the negative impact that his father's anger will have on Billy in his search for beauty. E. G. When Jackie cuts up the piano for firewood on Christmas, Billy asks â€Å"Do you thin k she'll mind? † â€Å"Shut it Billy, she's dead'. Here, the destruction of the piano symbolizes Billy's destroyed hopes to escape through music and dance.Music Main genre punk rock to capture feelings of angst and frustration towards poverty ND prejudice they experienced Upbeat pop rock is included when Billy succeeds creating tone of excitement e. G. Hiding the ballet shoes under the bed Non-dietetic music used to symbolism change in Billy e. G. Dancing through the streets with ballet slippers around his neck, paralleling previous images of him with boxing gloves similarly positioned, combined with uplifting music 0 change in attitude and direction in life for Billy. Dietetic music used to show Billy's growing happiness e.

Importance of Computer Essay

Computer is an electronic device used in almost every field even where it is most unexpected. That is why this age is called as the era of IT. And now we cannot imagine a world without computers. It is made up of two things one is the hardware and other is software. All physical components of computer like keyboard, mouse, monitor etc comes under the hardware whereas all the programs and languages used by the computer are called software. These days computers are the tools for not only engineers and scientists but also they are being used by millions of people around the world. Computers have become an integral part of our lives. Be it the desktop computers or laptop computers, both have various advantages in our daily life. The landscape of global communication has changed since computers have been introduced in our society. Importance of computers can be attributed to the fact that almost every sphere of our life is affected by computers. Information technology (IT) is a whole new industry that has developed after the introduction of computers. Presenting before you is an article with an abridged summary of importance in computers in various fields. Importance of Using Computer Among several advantages of computers, access to the Internet is hailed to be an advantage that has shaped the way we communicate. Importance of information technology has been such that besides creating millions of IT jobs, it has become an integral part of every other industry. Features and operations of IT are indirectly required in every other sector. Role of Computers in Education Right from elementary school students to PhD researchers, every educational system has been influenced by computers. Some of the uses of computers in education are as follows: †¢Students can be better prepared for the future technologies and it’s easier to explain them several topics that are hard to be understood without 3-D images. †¢Online education has made learning easier and convenient for a large section of population. †¢Easy access to encyclopedia on the Internet certainly makes us ponder over textbooks versus computer teaching. Online encyclopedia have made researching and preparing documents simpler. †¢Students aware of computer uses have better chances of job opportunities as computers literacy is a need now. Importance of  computer education was never so important as it is in the present scenario. †¢Using computer aided facilities like PowerPoint presentation eases understanding of complex topics. BANKS Almost every bank is using computers to keep the record of all the money transaction and other calculations. Moreover it provides speed, convenience and security. COMMUNICATION Communication is another important aspect of computer and has become very easy through internet and email. Computer communicates using telephone lines and modems. Through email we can send messages to anybody in any part of the world in just a second while if we write letter then it will reach in some days. So the internet has made the earth a global village and above all saves time. This would not be possible without computers. Internet helps to find information on every topic. It is the easiest and fastest way of research. Computer network makes the user capable of accessing remote programs and databases of same or different organizations. MEDIA Almost every type of editing and audio- visual compositions can be made by using special software especially made for this purpose. Some software can even make three dimensional figures which are mostly used in the cartoon films. Special effects for action and science fiction movies are also created on computer. TRAVEL AND TICKETING Computers do all the work of plane and train reservation. It shows the data for vacant and reserved seats and also saves the record for reservation. WEATHER PREDICTIONS Weather predictions are also possible by the experts using supercomputers. SPORTS It is also used for umpiring decisions. Many times the umpire has to go for the decision of third umpire in which the recording is seen again on the computer and finally reaches to the accurate and fair decision. Simulation software allows the sportsman to practice and improve his skills. DAILY LIFE We operate washing machines, microwave oven and many other products using software. Moreover we can store all the information about our important  work, appointments schedules and list of contacts. Crucial Role of Computers in Medicine The health care field has gone through a revolution after computers have been introduced in our society. Uses of computer in the medical field has been immense. Computers have been integrated with almost all medical technologies to improve accuracy in results. †¢Big hospitals require computer systems to maintain database of patient records. This has lessened the burden of paper management. †¢Some uses of computers in hospitals include maintaining staff attendance records, medical records recording of incoming and outgoing timings of staff, computerized accounting and managing records of patient and associated doctors. †¢The use of computers in medicine has gained more significance as heartbeat rate, pulse rates all can be checked on special graphs on monitor screen. †¢Internet technology has made it easier to exchange information, news and reports about latest medical development all across the globe. †¢Medical imaging has grown to become an extremely important aspect of medical diagnosis. By using techniques to create body images of even the most complex structures in the body, scientists have made it easier to treat ailments. †¢Web conferencing has made it easier for expert doctors sitting in some distant country to guide and instruct junior surgeons. More so, even while operation, many senior doctors can guide junior doctors. These are some of the amazing uses of computers in hospital set ups. †¢All surgical procedures are recorded in small cameras (some even installed in the medical equipment) so that the process of surgery can be learned better and improved. †¢Nowadays, even computer counseling is possible owing to extensive use of computers. Benefits of Computers in Business The use of computers in business has grown by leaps and bound since the last few decades. Here are some of the benefits of computers in business field. †¢Using Internet technologies, computer networking and several types of software, businesses are able to communicate all across the globe crossing geographical boundaries. †¢Communication has taken a new role among partners, suppliers, consumers and they’re able to keep a track of each other that facilitates the business process. †¢Development of software like  Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) software solutions and Management Information Systems (MIS) have made it possible to centralize administrative features of a firm. †¢Project management and other planning activities are easily designed by integrating latest software with computers. This decreases time on planning and figuring out certain complex issues. †¢Seminars, conferences and meetings can be scheduled with bosses and big corporate giants through web conferencing that can be heard by all the employees simultaneously. While the debate on advantages and disadvantages of Internet or computers will always exist, it’s certainly a truth that computers have made our life totally different, progressive and better. So we can say that today computer is playing very important role in our lives. Now is the time when we cannot imagine the world without computers. And this technology is advancing both in industry and home. It has become necessary for everyone to have the basic knowledge about computer. Otherwise he cannot get a job as computers have invaded almost all the fields.

4G Technology – An Analysis

4G Technology An Analysis 4G refers to the Fourth Generation of cellular wireless standards in telecommunications that will succeed it predecessors 3G 2G. It is a high-speed broadband wireless network that offered comprehensive & secure all IP based services. According to the ITU, requirements for 4G standards were specified by IMT-Advanced (International Mobile Telecommunication-Advanced). The data rates of 4G service for high mobility communication was set to 100 Mbps and low mobility communication was set to 1 Gbps. It focuses on cellular system with extremely high data rates & the concept of seamless technology in all wireless systems. Carriers that are using OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiplexing) as an alternative to TDMA and CDMA are promoting their services as 4G even though their data rates are not high according to the ITU. 4G outdoor users that have Internet access through cell phones or smart phones were promised to have a targeted data speed of around 100 Mbps by the IMT-Advanced and t he data speed for indoor users such as LAN (Local Area Network) was suppose to be around 1Gbps. This type of higher speed for both fixed and mobile Internet users is truly amazing. 4G proposes scalable channel bandwidth flexibility of up to 40 MHz. The network resources are dynamically utilized & shared to sustain more simultaneous users over each call. 4G also has the ability to propose high QoS (Quality of Service) for multimedia support and offer smooth handover heterogeneous networks. It must also have the ability to offer wireless LAN roaming & interact with systems used for video broadcasting. Figure 5: Seamless Connection of Networks in 4G [5]. The 4G architecture comprises of 3 crucial areas of connectivity namely PAN (Personal Area Network) WAN (Wide Area Network Cellular Connectivity Each device will have the ability to interact with the Internet based information that is modified over the network used by the device at that time. This structure can support a wide r ange of 4G mobile devices that sustain global roaming. In 4G networks users that join the network have the ability to add mobile routers to the infrastructure. Changing user patterns can be accommodated by dynamically shifting network capacity & coverage. Creating additional routes as the concentration of people is higher in one area compared to the other enables additional access to the capacity of the network. Users can easily avoid congested routes by hoping to the less congested routes. This allows the network to automatically balance the capacity by increasing the network utilization. The service for all the users improve with the increase in number of users. Need for 4G One of the questions that come to mind when thinking about future 4G systems is there need. The first application to be mobilized was voice telephony, few years ago. The short message service (SMS) was the first application to be introduced as a mass-market application. The hardware complexity was not an issue at the given time along with the advantage of small bandwidth requirements. The SMS was just the commencement of various data services like mobile email, web browsing etc. The key feature in most of them was the packet based wireless networks carrying IP data in one hand and powerful terminals that could cope with these applications on the other. Although the network capacity is still not an issue due to less number of users, there are number of reasons for increased bandwidth requirements in the future. First, the number of wireless users increases exponentially resulting into an increase in bandwidth requirement. Second, the popularity of video and music downloads has increased immensely within few years. The information content in a video or music is more than the corresponding text but so is the capacity requirement. Last but not the least, mobile social networks have taken the current internet usage to a much higher level. Picture viewing sites, web blogs and also video sharing sites have reshaped the internet.

Assignment Ash plc produces components which it sells to the aircraft Essay

Assignment Ash plc produces components which it sells to the aircraft industry. Mr. Ash, the managing d - Essay Example 83). For you to be able to compete in the marketplace, management must change to the cost and profit management and the reporting approaches. Activity Based Costing is known as a management accounting approach that is able to allocate overhead (direct and indirect costs ) to cost objects (services and products) so that it can help management comprehend and understand critical business information. ABC is able to allocate direct and indirect costs to services and products based on the level of activities that have been used to create and deliver those products and services. Various activities such as design , purchasing, production, sales, customer service and marketing are utilized by different services and products (cost objects) with regard to their complexity and business requirements. If compared to traditional accounting, Activity Based costing is a decision making tool that provides more accurate results of cost and profit information thus allowing management to understand the cost and profit drivers so that you can improve your business. What the method is intended to do, a comparison with the traditional method The objective of the ABC costing system is to offer a better understanding of the overhead/ indirect cost and profitability. ... For instance,the cost of each department and activity is analyzed on the basis of the company’s business model . This ranges from, number of hours hat the employees work, the number of machines and the number of shifts. Both product and services companies are able to use the ABC costing system to assign the cost of activities to the products and the services that they offer to measure profitability. Activity Based Costing (ABC) emerge as a better way of handling cost and profit in the 1980s as a result of the lack of relevance in the traditional costing accounting methods. This method of accounting was established in the early 1990s. In those days, the industries were labor intensive and there was no automation. This meant that the overhead cost of the companies was quite low and product variety was small as compared to what they obtain these days after he started using ABC. DRURY (2007) claims that after most of the companies implemented Activity Based Costing they came to re alize that a lot of information was being overlooked and that is why their production was quite low (pg. 57). In traditional accounting, it is assumed that the cost objects are supposed to consume resources but, in ABC costing, the cost objects are supposed to consume the activities. However, traditional cost accounting more often than not utilizes volume related allocation whereas ABC used the drivers at various levels of production. The traditional accounting method was more of structure oriented but ABC is more of a process oriented. In the diagram below, it is evident that ABC brings comprehensive information from the activities up to the assessment cost and manage capacity at different levels but the traditional costing

Partnerships and Limited Liability Partnerships Assignment

Partnerships and Limited Liability Partnerships - Assignment Example Fiduciary implies a particular individual on whom extreme assurance and faith has been placed by another to handle and guard finance or possessions. It is referred to as an association where an individual is obliged to do something for the advantage of another individual5. It has been further added that there are three most important duties that arise where there exists such an association. The foremost is the duty or responsibility of loyalty which means the responsibility to do something on behalf and in support of the particular individual or body towards whom the responsibility is outstanding and not taking benefit of, or damaging, it or him. The second is the duty or responsibility of obedience which means the obligation and responsibility to do something inside the limits of the power of faith. The third is the duty or obligation of care which means the duty to do something cautiously. At times the obligation of disclosure of complete material information is stated as the fourt h duty6. These fiduciary duties relating to sections 33, 34 and 35 of the Partnership Act 19637. The only fiduciary responsibility for which a particular partner is indebted to the other existing partners and the partnership is the responsibility of loyalty or faithfulness and the responsibility of care. A particular partner’s responsibility or obligation of loyalty is restricted to provide accounts to the partnership regarding any kind of possessions, profit or advantage that has been obtained by that partner in carrying out the business of partnership or by using a property that is possessed by the firm and all the partners jointly and also to cease from transacting with the firm where he has been acting as a partner, as an unfavourable party or entering into a competition with the firm in the course of carrying out the business of partnership. Similarly, a partner’s obligation of care is restricted to abstaining from grossly negligent or irresponsible behavior, misb ehavior that was on purpose or for disobeying a law intentionally. These obligations might not be surrendered or disposed of in the agreement of partnership and in order to accomplish them, every individual partner ought to act time and again in relation to the responsibility of trust and fair dealing. These are pertinent to all the contracts as well as agreements of partnership. It is allowed for a partner to follow one’s own interests but it should be ensured that in the course of doing so, the above-mentioned responsibilities should not be violated8.  

Individual Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Individual - Essay Example This paper will discuss how entrepreneurs use creativity to develop business ideas and innovations. Entrepreneurs are able to use creativity through managing risks and uncertainties. This is through analyzing ideas and determining whether they are worth investing in. They then determine the best strategies to use and how to maximize returns through the use of scarce resources. This plays a significant role in enabling them to capture value from innovation (Van and Becker, 2004). Entrepreneurs are able to use creativity through identifying the opportunities for change. Currently, the market has become dynamic. Different aspects keep on arising thereby, creating gaps that can be used to develop ideas (Hoang and Antoncic, 2003). Entrepreneurs are able to manipulate these opportunities to come up with creative ideas. For instance, they are able to observe the tastes and preferences of the customers and note when the customers are changing their consumption behavior. Entrepreneurs pinpoint such opportunities and taps them, thereby coming up with a business idea. Through brainstorming and enquiring from relevant sources, they are able to come up with innovative ideas which attract the interests of the target market (Knutsen, 2002). According to Van and Becker (2004), entrepreneurs calculate the costs of taking up a bright idea forward against the potential gains if that idea succeeds. They know clearly that failure is an intrinsic part of the process. However, they always calculate the risks in order to minimize it completely. In addition, they ensure that they have all materials required to exploit the opportunities in order to gain the necessary benefits (Van and Becker, 2004). Entrepreneurs are able to come up with creative ideas through being alert to changes in the external environment (Voudouris et al., 2007). Whether entering a new market, introducing new products or services, or initiating innovative technologies, they always think of novel ways

Reflective Log in Social Work Practice (FOUR Reflective Logs 750 Words Essay

Reflective Log in Social Work Practice (FOUR Reflective Logs 750 Words Each) - Essay Example Through my own prerogative, I was able to develop, implement and introduce troubleshooting strategies that made my friend re-consider taking an abortion. These strategies can also be used in other case scenarios. I realised the value and need to equip myself with technical information and methodologies in handling more complex tasks like teenage pregnancy. Young people like me should be aware of such social work concepts to be able to analyse these social problems with young people who are experiencing such concern. I should have approached her boyfriend in a more informal way rather than in an accusing manner, especially in the idea of having an abortion. Being the father of the unborn child, he should be man enough to face his responsibilities. He should have been more supportive in this critical moment of her life. I would call my friend’s parents, who are working abroad, and inform them of their daughter’s current situation. It is possible that my friend is somehow not getting the attention that she needed from her parents so instead relied on the presence of her boyfriend and friends. Although she has friends and guardians to support her, my friend would still need the support of her parents that would assure her that despite what happened they still love and would take care of her and her unborn child. There is a need to have a community-based institution or â€Å"teenage clinic† that could handle the growing need number of local teenage pregnancy. A school nurse, health visitor or youth worker might be able to help give ideas for setting up the clinic. Young people like me should be encouraged and involved in this kind of social work endeavour. There is a need to increase the youth’s awareness on teenage pregnancy. Schools, healthcare institutions and the local government should educate adolescents the effects of teenage pregnancy, means to which it can be avoided and how this issue can be disseminated. Five years ago, my neighbourhood

Session 17 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Session 17 - Essay Example Had Steve handed over the records to be looked at by a professional accountant, the actual details would have come to light much sooner and it is highly likely that Steve would have reconsidered and not bought out Jack’s business. UK Law holds that if a representation was made during negotiations, which later transpire to be no longer true, there is a duty to make a correction4. Under UK Law the misrepresentee (Steve) can sue for damages as well as any losses resulting for his relying on the misrepresentor’s (Jack’s) statement about the state of the business5. Although Steve did not totally rely on Jack’s statement and only purchased the business after Rob had given his OK, nevertheless Jack knowingly did make a statement that ordinarily would have been enough to persuade Steve to buy the business. Jack’s statement was a lie and masked his fraudulent intentions. The remedies could be compensation for damages (for example loss of ?30,000 in yearly tu rnover) or even a rescinding of the sale. Steve has heard that Jack is intending to join a pharmacy at a local superstore so clearly he has found someone to look after his pedigree dogs. It was held in HIH Insurance Ltd v Chase Manhattan Bank6 that it is never possible to avoid liability for false misrepresentation.

((((6))))) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

((((6))))) - Essay Example ademic methods and academic content in curricula but still emphasize to them how important it is to meet the specific needs of the children without necessarily violating the stipulated curriculum. I will inform them their role in helping the children attain the specific components through play and interactive learning and how this helps children attain components such as phonological awareness and comprehend meaning. Learning in my developmentally appropriate preschool classroom will be an interactive affair where preschoolers will freely engage in conversations to acquire oral skills and also participate in plays that will help them interact with the environment to develop cognitive skills. The preschool parents I cross-examined seemed to favor a classroom where their children will be learning literacy skills such as mathematics and sciences. However, they also held the idea that children should be given sometime to play and socialize. They would like the teacher to give personalized attention to children with learning difficulties and give them the opportunity to portray their artistic skills in activities such as modeling and drawing. The parents favor a type of classroom that is physical classroom where both indoors and outdoor activities are undertaken with utter importance. The classroom should have an apmle space for the teacher to interact and help the child. Apparently, this diligently ties with the DAP ideas presented in chapter 15 where more attention should be given to not only academic development, but also exploration of the environment, opportunity/space to manipulate, time to play and time to sleep. Parents seem to realize that play and socialization/interaction are important for the healthy growth and development of

Integrating Culture and Diversity in Decision Making Term Paper

Integrating Culture and Diversity in Decision Making - Term Paper Example Employees also have benefits, and have participated in the company by stock options and are also given premiums. This has only brought them closer, and such measures are to measure the workers and also to encourage them to work more (Zell, 2007).   This company is one company that has not been in the news for the wrong reasons. Wherever the products and services of the company have reached, they have managed to make an impact on its customers. The company has grown larger by the day, an aspect and achievement that can be attributed to the workers and the culture that the company has. The company has certain objectives that have kept it running since its founding. They mostly cover all the business areas that a business seeks to achieve namely; profit, growth, customers, the people, management, citizenship and most important teamwork (House & Price, 2009).  The company seeks to have quality control over its workers and the world in general. In some companies, the HP’s metho d is seen as a significant and crucial technique to be implemented. Innovation of work rules, teamwork, and profit allocation are aspects that have made the company successful (Packard, Kirby & Lewis, 1996).   Factors that cause the organization to embody this particular culture One major factor that has made the company adopt the method that it is using is the realization that success is built on a strong foundation, the strong foundation being its workers and together as a team, they have managed to make the company a global success. Their innovation and teamwork has enabled the company to be the envy of many, and its products and services still have the popularity over other technological products. Research and development are significant with the company, and they have managed to... This company is one company that has not been in the news for the wrong reasons. Wherever the products and services of the company have reached, they have managed to make an impact on its customers. The company has grown larger by the day, an aspect and achievement that can be attributed to the workers and the culture that the company has. The company has certain objectives that have kept it running since its founding. They mostly cover all the business areas that a business seeks to achieve namely; profit, growth, customers, the people, management, citizenship and most importantly teamwork. The company seeks to have quality control over its workers and the world in general. In some companies, the HP’s method is seen as a significant and crucial technique to be implemented. An innovation of work rules, teamwork, and profit allocation are aspects that have made the company successful. One major factor that has made the company adopt the method that it is using is the realizatio n that success is built on a strong foundation, the strong foundation being its workers and together as a team, they have managed to make the company a global success. Their innovation and teamwork have enabled the company to be the envy of many, and its products and services still have the popularity over other technological products. Research and development are significant with the company, and they have managed to make strides in the technology sector because of the ability to have a culture that incorporates all.

A Review of Multmodal Learning Styles Essay Example for Free

A Review of Multmodal Learning Styles Essay Cara making, outllnes ana time lines created, ana In tne cnolce 0T pnyslcal environment used for study. A read-write learner absorbs information through written forms: lists, reading texts or handouts, detailed note taking, power points, and additional resources like paper or online articles about the subject. Student A also uses some of the strategies of this style with the additional research on the topic, multiple proof reading of written content, and reading of all assigned texts or handouts. Review of the learning strategies of both the read-write and the inesthetic learning styles shows helpful strategies not currently used by Student A. This student can also benefit by incorporating several learning strategies from each style. The kinesthetic strategy of relating the information to their own life experiences and finding real life examples would help Student A to retain and recall information as it is attached to real life references the student has already internalized. Using the read-write strategies of rewriting information several times and turning the content of a graph or diagram into a written summary would help Student A clarify and retain nderstanding of that content. Using the VARK Learning Style Assessment is a helpful tool for any learner. It gives helpful information that allows the student insights into how they learn and offers strategies to make the most of that learning style and avoid the problems that can be associated with that style. It is also very helpful for a student to understand that there are other learning styles and be aware of the focus of those learning styles. This aids in translating information given in another style in to the students style for optimum learning and also helps the tudent translate their style to accommodate the learning style of another when teaching information. References Deep and Surface Approaches to Learning. n. d. ). Retrieved from http:// exchange. ac. uk/learning-and-teaching-theory-guide/deep-and-surface-approaches- learning. html Fleming, N. D. , ; Mills, C. (1992). Not Another Inventory, Rather a Catalyst for Reflection. To Improve the Academy, 1 10, 137. Fleming, N. D. (2011). VARK: A Review of Those Who Are Multimodal. Retrieved from http://www. vark-learn. com/ english/page_content/multimodality. htm

Company overview and market analysis for pepsico

Company overview and market analysis for pepsico PepsiCo Inc. is the worlds second largest soft drink brand and the worlds largest potato chips manufacturer. In this report, we will be analysing PepsiCo Inc.s marketing strategies with regards to its North American market. Where absolutely required, PepsiCos international efforts are mentioned as well as some past advertising feats. I will, however, try to cover as much of PepsiCos recent strategies as possible. Relevant references are cited at the end of the report, following with a number of images in the Appendix. Company Profile: In New Bern, North Carolina, USA, Caleb Bradham created a fountain drink, which contained digestive enzymes pepsin and kola nuts. This was then known as Brads drink. Subsequently, it was renamed and marketed as Pepsi-Cola (Soda Museum 2010). The Pepsi-Cola Company, in 1965, merged with Frito-Lay Inc., to become PepsiCo Inc. Pepsi is PepsiCo Inc.s flagship product and signature drink (PepsiCo Inc. 2010). Advertising efforts in the early years of Pepsi-Cola mainly presented itself as a bargain brand compared to rival Coca-Cola. However, since the later part of the 20th Century, PepsiCos marketing strategy is focused towards the young people with taglines such Choice of a New Generation being the spotlight. Macro Environment: Political: PepsiCo Inc. is a multinational company. As such, it is exposed to different political environments. In 2006, The Centre of Science and Environment (CSE) based in India found that soda drinks including Pepsi-Cola had high pesticide content. Following this, the state of Kerala banned the sale and production of Pepsi-Cola, along with other soft-drinks. However, this decision was later reversed by the Kerala High Court. Five other Indian states have partial ban on soft-drinks (BBC 2006 The Hindu 2006). As part of a major public health initiative in the US, sugar-sweetened drinks and syrups would be levied a new tax called the soda tax (Reuters 2010). Economic: The financial crisis of 2008-2009 has had its effects on the soft drinks sector. During this period, the soft drinks industry lost over $55 billion (Beverage Digest 2009). Also, the packaged food industry reduced spending on non-essential food items such as snacks. Being a multinational corporation, PepsiCo has to take into account the fluctuations in foreign currency rates. The financial crisis caused the Mexican peso, British pound, the Euro and the Russian ruble to depreciate. As such, PepsiCos net revenue growth was reduced by 5% (Annual Report 2010) In the US, interest rates have been abysmally low between zero and 0.25% since December 2008 thereby allowing companies such as PepsiCo to make use of low borrowing rates to invest in operations and new product development (Murchie 2010). Likewise, in the UK, The Bank of England has maintained an all-time low interest rate of 0.5% (BBC 2010). Social: There is a new demand for healthy foods and beverages. As a result, PepsiCo is increasingly investing in developing healthier options to its beverages as well as promoting Heath Foods (Annual Report 2010). In the recent years, PepsiCo has launched Diet Pepsi, Diet Pepsi Max, Caffeine Free Pepsi, Caffeine Free Diet Pepsi, Pepsi Natural and Pepsi One as variants of Pepsi-Cola. PepsiCo has also added a new line of products such as Aquafina Alive, Propel Health Water, Sobe Life Water, Dole Single Serve Juices and many more to meet this growing demand (PepsiCo 2010). PepsiCo has developed a Blue Ribbon Advisory Board, made up of leading health and wellness experts and third-party advisors from across the globe in order to help the corporation face these newly strengthened consumer demands. Furthermore, PepsiCo has recently worked alongside the Clinton Foundation, American Heart Association, and the North American beverage industry in order to set policies regarding placement of the correct products in the correct areas. Technological: PepsiCo Inc. relies heavily on technology to carry on its different operations and perform efficiently. Their technologically advanced distribution system, Direct Store Delivery (DSD), allows them to supply distributors and retailers with fresh stock efficiently (PepsiCo 2010). PepsiCo also has an extremely sound information technology infrastructure. To build and maintain an efficient IT infrastructure is a key asset to the corporations operations and helps improve the communication flow within their massive corporate framework. It also helps them improve the effectiveness of their operations and maintain financial accuracy. Micro Environment: Competitive Analysis: The carbonated beverages industry is highly competitive. The companies have to compete against global, regional and local manufactures on various factors including price, quantity, variety and distribution. The prime competitor of PepsiCo Americas Beverages is The Coca-Cola Company. In terms of carbonated soft drinks (CSD) consumption, Coca-Cola has a larger market share in the US as well as in many markets outside North America. Also, in Interbrands Best Global Brands list, Coca-Cola is ranked number 1, while Pepsi is listed much lower at number 23 (Interbrand 2009). However, PepsiCos snack brands hold significant leadership in the snack industry worldwide, with Pepsi commanding 28% of global sales. PepsiCo Inc. also faces stiff competition from other beverage companies like Dr. Pepper Snapple Group, Nestle Corporation and Danone as well as other food companies such as Kraft Foods and Unilever. Segmentation, Target and Positioning: Market Segmentation: Geo-demographic: A multinational corporation has to take additional factors such as geo-demography into consideration. Trends affecting the US might not have an effect on countries such as Japan or Russia. Also, particular ads and marketing strategies are interpreted differently in different countries due to the difference in language and culture. For this reason, PepsiCo Inc. has adapted to the culture, tastes and language of the countries in which they do business. For example, in July 2009, Pepsi started marketing itself as Pecsi in Argentina after reports that its name was incorrectly pronounced by around 25% of the population (AdAge.com 2009). Psycho-graphic segmentation: PepsiCo has different products to suit different needs. It has segmented its beverage department to cope for different psycho-graphic variables such as activities, interests and opinions. For the health-conscious, Pepsi has products such as Diet Pepsi and Diet Caffeine Free Pepsi, while for those engaged in sports, Pepsi has its highly successful Gatorade range of isotonic drinks (PepsiCo 2010). For naturalists, Pepsi has products such as Pepsi Natural and Aquafina Alive. Products such as Pepsi and Pepsi Max are available for the mass market. Target Markets: The primary target group of PepsiCo for its Pepsi line of products are people in the age group of 13-34. It also targets people that are athletes and overweight (PepsiCo 2010). Pepsi has a distinctive style of portraying times in their ad campaigns. Their Generation Next campaign suggested that Pepsi is not just a drink for the next generation but that its drinkers are a generation ahead of their counterparts (PepsiCo 2009). Pepsi has products that target the different cultural and regional aspects of a particular country. It has products such as Nimbooz by 7UP in India where it targets the huge demand for country-style lemon drinks (PepsiCo India 2009). While in Mexico, it has Manzanita Sol, an apple-flavoured beverage. Apple is Mexicos second most popular soft drink flavour and Manzanita Sol means little apple sun in Spanish (Bevnet.com 2005). Positioning: Pepsi has positioned its products strategically against those of The Coca-Cola Company. Although Pepsi is second to Coca-Cola as a recognisable soft drink brand, it leads the markets of non-carbonated beverages and potato chips (Frito Lay). Since the acquisition of Tropicana and Gatorade and manufacturing its own brand of bottled water, Pepsi has earned the number one spot as non-alcoholic beverage company in North America. Pepsi is now heavily inclined to developing healthy food alternatives. This has positioned them strategically in a niche market that is growing fast. Marketing Mix: Product: PepsiCo Inc. has four main divisions that manufacture, market and sell a variety of products including snacks and beverages. These divisions are: (PepsiCo 2010) PepsiCo Americas Beverages (PAB) Frito-Lay North America (FLNA) Quaker Foods North America (QFNA) PepsiCo International (PI) PAB sells concentrates and syrups to Pepsi bottlers as well as directly sells finished goods to distributors and retailers. PAB brands include Pepsi, Mountain Dew, Tropicana Fruit Juices, Gatorade isotonic sports beverage, Lipton tea, Sierra Mist, Dole and SoBe (PepsiCo 2010). PAB also has a joint venture with Unilever and Starbucks through which it sells ready to drink tea, coffee and water products. Additional, PAB also licenses and markets the Aquafina brand of bottled water (PepsiCo 2010). FLNA manufactures snack foods which include brands such as Lays potato chips, Doritos tortilla chips, Tostitos tortilla chips, Cheetos cheese flavoured snacks, Fritos corn chips, Ruffles potato chips, SunChips and Smart Food (PepsiCo 2010). QFNA manufactures cereals, rice pasta and other branded products such as Life cereal, Pasta Roni, Aunt Jemima mixes and syrups and Quaker Oats (PepsiCo 2010). PepsiCo International manages the international operations of PAB, FLNA and QFNA. PepsiCo International licenses and markets PepsiCos brands in international markets. It also markets some region-specific brands including, but not limited to, Walkers potato chips, Mirinda, 7UP, Gamesa, Sabritas and Copella apple juices (PepsiCo 2010). PepsiCo Inc.s reputation and popularity gives the company the confidence to introduce new products. Their success depends on product innovation and the effectiveness of their advertising and marketing strategies. Place: Pepsi-Cola is available at almost everywhere. Pepsi has exclusive resale rights with fast food chains such as Pizza Hut, KFC and Taco Bell. It also exclusively sells its products at many supermarkets and malls. Pepsis products are also available at the leading departmental stores, gas stations and retailers. Pepsis vending machines are available at many office complexes and universities. Pepsi is also available at the White House (please check IC account for reference TIME Magazine). Due to its Direct Store Delivery system, Pepsi can get its products in these places and can maintain supply to a sustainable level. FLNA and QFNA products are available in all the leading supermarkets and retailers. Promotion: Pepsi-Cola has a strong promotion strategy. They use different marketing communication strategies which include print ads, television ads and billboards, point-of-sale as well as the Internet. PepsiCos marketing strategies include both push and pull promotions. However, their pull promotion strategies are more widely spread. Push Strategies: PepsiCo has several exclusive tie-ups with many fast food chains, supermarkets and malls. PepsiCo also has Point-of-Sale (POS) agreements with leading departmental stores and retailers. PepsiCo also provides incentives to distributors and retailers if they meet or exceed the sales target. Pull Strategies: Throughout its history, The Pepsi-Cola Company has been known to create one of the finest ads. Since it became PepsiCo Inc., Pepsi has focused most of its marketing communication towards the young generation (PepsiCo). Pepsi is well-known for its Generation Next ad campaign as well as some catchy taglines such as the classic Pepsi. Choice of a New Generation sung by Michael Jackson to the recent Refresh Everything and Every Pepsi Refreshes the World. Pepsi is also known to constantly rebrand itself to boost its reputation and trust as a company that keeps up with changing time. In 2009, Pepsi launched a new logo and rebranded most of its products in North America (Reuters 2008). One of the main advertising platforms over the years for Pepsi has been the Super Bowl, the National Football League championship game. Pepsi beverages have been advertising in the Super Bowl since 1987. However, in 2010, Pepsi opted out of advertising on this platform focusing its marketing efforts on the internet instead, ending a 23-year run. Frito Lay, however, continued to advertise in the Super Bowl (NBC News Associated Press 2009). In 2010, Pepsi announced that it would again start advertising in the Super Bowl (Reuters 2010). On an average, advertising on the Super Bowl cost Pepsi $3 million for 30 seconds of airtime in 2009. (NBC News Associated Press 2009). Pepsi is known to get its products endorsed by celebrities, some of which have been hugely popular with the people. Pepsis endorsement deal with Michael Jackson was perhaps one of the most expensive and popular deals of its time (Reuters 2009). However, since its overhaul in 2009, Pepsi has been including local people or amateurs in its ads to create a sense of connection with its consumers. For example, for the 2011 Super Bowl, PepsiCo has launched a competition wherein it is giving people a chance to make six 30-second ads for its Doritos chips and Pepsi Max with the winner receiving up to $5million for the best ads (Reuters 2010). Pepsi also has a huge presence on the Internet. In 2008, Google/YouTube teamed up with Embassy Row, a production company run by the creator of Who Wants to be a Millionaire, Michael Davies and Pepsi, to launch a new online video series called the PopTub. This daily show deals with pop culture, internet viral videos and celebrity gossip. PopTub is updated daily by Pepsi (Reuters 2008). PopTub and YouTube provide Pepsi a big online advertising platform. Pepsi even has its own YouTube Channel (YouTube 2010). Social networking is becoming an important aspect of peoples lives. As such, Pepsi has not left this area uncovered. PepsiCo and its subdivisions are present on Facebook and Twitter social networking sites. PepsiCo frequently updates its account on these websites, using them for marketing purposes, announcing new products and offers as well as general gossip (Facebook 2010 Twitter 2010 PepsiCo 2010). Pepsi Refresh Project is a new campaign launched by PepsiCo Inc. in 2009 and will run over the course of 2010 to freshen up the image of its flagship drink, Pepsi. The project invites people to submit their ideas on how to refresh their communities. PepsiCo has promised to give at least $20 million to fund these projects. This new campaign will be used by Pepsi to market its flagship as well as Diet Pepsi and Pepsi Max. This campaign will have a huge social media presence as people would be required to go online to submit their ideas as well as vote on winners (NBC News Associated Press 2009). Recommendation: PepsiCo Inc., as a multinational organisation, strives to be the worlds premier consumer food products company. In order to remain competitive, PepsiCo and its subdivisions need to be aware of the changing trends of the marketplace. PepsiCo needs to keep innovating and investing in healthier food options. The Carbonated Soft Drinks (CSD) market is continually declining. In 2008, the US CSD market share declined by 3% (Beverage Digest 2009). Keeping such trends in mind, Pepsi should launched healthier variants of their carbonated beverages and gradually move towards the increasingly more popular non-carbonated beverage sector, such as fruit juices and bottled water. PepsiCo needs to revise its marketing strategy to include the not-so-young group of people in its communication as these people are often left out from its marketing material. Also, by constantly monitoring current and potential customers, as well as reviewing the success of their marketing strategies, PepsiCo would be in a better position to identify changing market trends and develop better products for their target markets. The company, in 2007, had announced a major purchase of renewable energy sources which would help it in reducing its electricity costs as well as help improve its environmental footprint (NBC News Associated Press 2010). PepsiCo needs to keep investing in green resources as this would bring financial benefits in the long term as well as increase its reputation as a Green Company.