Management of Projects

This paper is aimed at examining several questions related to project management. In the first section, such a concept as stakeholder is examined. Furthermore, this section includes a strategy for communicating with different stakeholders. Additionally, this paper highlights the differences between agile management and PMBoK.Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on Management of Projects specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Furthermore, it is important to evaluate their applicability to a specific project such as the construction of Wembley Stadium. Moreover, much attention is paid to project scope, especially the need to make a list of items that have be excluded. Finally, this report throws light on the problems associated with the management of multi-cultural teams and outlines the methods of addressing them. Within the context of project management, the word stakeholder can be defined as any individual or â€Å"org anisation that is actively involved in a project, or whose interests may be positively or negatively affected by execution or completion of the project† (Pries Quigley 2012, p. 84). This definition is more beneficial because it helps managers consider the interests of different people and agencies. It should be noted that sometimes, scholars focus only on those people who are involved in the completion of a project (Hill 2014; Gunsteren 2011). In other words, they can be viewed as the main beneficiaries of a certain business activity. Nevertheless, this interpretation does not enable people to consider a wide range of impacts produced by a certain project. A more inclusive definition of this term is important for identifying the main risks associated with the activities of businesses and governmental agencies. This is one of the details that should be taken account. Overall, stakeholder management is critical for effective implementation of various projects. For instance, by interacting with different managers, business administrators can identify the problems or weaknesses of a project. Additionally, these people can offer valuable recommendations regarding its implementation. One should keep in mind that sometimes, people may object to a project. For example, one can speak about infrastructural projects that may require the use of eminent domain. So, it is critical to consider the concerns of these people and find ways of reconciling conflicts. This is why this element of project management should not be overlooked.Advertising Looking for assessment on project management? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Managers need to develop the strategy for communicating with different stakeholders. In particular, these people should be divided into two large groups, namely internal and external stakeholders. Some of them have a vested interest in the execution of a project. For example, one can speak about investors. In turn, other people may want to know whether a specific project can infringe on their interests in any way. This argument is particularly relevant if one speaks about the use of land belonging to the residents of the community. Additionally, one should identify their information needs and develop communication methods that can satisfy these needs (Sanghera 2007). Furthermore, the communication strategy should distinguish different types of documents that can be shared with external and internal stakeholders. For instance, investors or customers may want to learn about the way in which capital is used. Additionally, it is important to single out communication channels that are necessary for the interactions between stakeholders. For example, managers and employees can communicate with the help of such tools as emails, phone, Intranet sites, video chats, and so forth. Moreover, the management can interact with external stakeholders with the help of press releases such as Internet publications. Apart from that, it is necessary to show how different stakeholders can get in contract with the main decision-makers. Overall, one should adopt the so-called open door policy which implies that different workers can communicate with managers and senior executives without facing any bureaucratic difficulties (Ward 2011, p. 291). These people may need to express concerns about the implementation of a project. These are the main elements of this communication approach. Overall, this strategy is designed for a project that can influence various members of the community. Thus, it may potentially produce negative externalities on other people. It is possible to identify several strengths and weaknesses of this strategy. The main advantage is that it shows how stakeholders and managers can interact with each other. In particular, it does not exclude external stakeholders who may want to know about various impacts of the project. It is critical to ensure that the int erests of these people are not disregarded; since this neglect can lead to significant problems such as lawsuits. Additionally, this strategy can eliminate bureaucratic barriers through the adoption of open-door policy. This principle is important for identifying possible risks at the early stages (Ward 2011, p. 291).Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on Management of Projects specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Admittedly, there are some weaknesses that should be considered. In particular, project managers are the main agents guiding communication process. This strategy does not support the interaction between community members and employees working on the project. However, managers have to coordinate the interactions between different stakeholders. This is why they play the most prominent role. Furthermore, the restrictions included in this strategy are necessary to preserve confidential information. So, these li mitations have to be accepted. These are the main details that can be singled out. There are several popular approaches to implementing projects; among them, one can distinguish such techniques as agile management and PMBoK (Project Management Body of Knowledge). They represent different perceptions of the way in which different tasks can be performed. It should be mentioned that PMBoK describes project implementation as a linear process incorporating such stages as â€Å"initiating, planning, execution, controlling, and closure† (Sobh 2008, p. 378). These parts can be viewed as sequential stages, and in most cases, their order cannot be reversed or rearranged in any way. In contrast, agile management lays stress on the importance of change as an inseparable part of project management (Cobb 2011). This model implies that the initial requirements can evolve considerably in the course of project implementation (Sobh 2008, p. 378). In many cases, clients need to see the prototyp e in order to identify requirements and describe functionality (Nicholas, Steyn 2012). These are the main distinctions between these methods. It is possible to illustrate the way in which project managers can evaluate the appropriateness of these approaches. This case can be better examined by looking at such a project as the construction of Wembley Stadium. One can say that agile management was not fully appropriate for the needs for constructors. Instead, they applied the techniques which were more compatible with PMBoK approach1. At first, one should mention that the construction of stadiums represents the area that has been well examined. In this case, researchers and engineers have already identified a set of best practices (John, Sheard Vickery 2007).Advertising Looking for assessment on project management? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Thus, clients can understand the attributes of the final product almost at the begining. In contrast, agile methodology implies that initial requirements may not coincide with the attributes of the final product (John et al 2007). In most cases, this approach is applied to the design of software, rather than infrastructural development (Sobh 2008). This is one of the details that should be considered. Additionally, one keep in mind that in this case, planners were able to identify the main uses of the stadium. For example, it had to host football or rugby matches. Furthermore, it was expected that Wembley would become one of the largest concert venues in London. Additionally, construction projects are highly regulated by various governmental agencies. These organisations want to make sure that safety requirements are met. Thus, many of the design and construction decisions are often standardised. This is another reason why the main functional requirements could be identified at the stage of planning. Apart from that, one should bear in mind that the modification of construction projects can be very expensive and time-consuming. These difficulties are particularly dangerous if an organisation has to meet stringent deadlines and budget restraints (Fish 2012). Attempts to bring changes at the stage of execution can be particularly challenging because many of the resources have already been used. Furthermore, one can speak about the conflicts between clients and contractors. As a rule, such disputes occur due to increasing costs of the project. In many cases, these disagreements may result in legal conflicts. This is why the use of agile management is not fully suitable.  Certainly, there were some difficulties which emerged during the implementation of the projects. In particular, one should speak about delays during construction. Nevertheless, such difficulties are widespread, and they can be mitigated with the help of effective scheduling and time management. Furthermore, one should bear in mind that there were some technical problems and it was necessary to change one of subcontractors. Moreover, changes were made in the scope of the project and some functional attributes had to be removed. Yet, the scope was modified at the early stages. However, at the very beginning, the planners could clearly the main project requirements. Overall, the selection of PMBoK was quite appropriate for the needs of this project. One should not suppose that the principles of agile management are completely inapplicable to this case. For example, one can speak about the need to involve users in project implementation. These people can identify possible problems at the early stages. However, in this case, it is impossible to ensure frequent delivery of products that are parts of this project. This is one of the details that should be taken into account. On the whole, this case illustrate that the choice of the project management technique depends on various criteria such ability of customers to identify the attributes of the final product, costs, time restraints, and so forth. The scope of the project can be defined in different ways. In particular, this term can be described as the main tasks that team members should do in order to create a certain product which has certain attributes (Vargas 2007). Apart from that, this notion is used to refer to the main functional characteristics of the final product (Vargas 2007). The second definition is usually more useful because it can be applied to measure that progress that a team has made during a certain period. In turn, the first interpretation is not closely related to the results that should be attained. This is one of the limitations that should be distinguished. Additionally, researchers note that managers should draw a distinct line between deliverables and activities involved in the project at the very beginning (Greer 2002). This is one of the issues that should not be overlooked. On the whole, scoping decisions have significant implications for the costs of a project and its duration (Schwalbe 2008). It is important to identify those features that have been excluded from the scope. Although many project managers focus on the items or functional characteristics that should be delivered, but it is also vital to pinpoint those deliverables that will not be included. At first, this step can be important for reducing the costs of a project. If designers and construction companies can clearly understand customers’ expectations, they will be able to work more efficiently and minimise delays (Schwalbe 2008). More importantly, in this way, one can avoid conflicts between clients and organisations that are responsible for the implementation of a project (Shephard 2006). Sometimes, customers may assume that their expectations are self-evident. Furthermore, they can ask why a certain deliverable was not included in the project (Schwalbe 2008; Greer 2002). Thus, they can blame contractors or designers. As a result, there is a significant risk of legal conflicts that can hinder the implementation of a project or even completely undermine it. This risk becomes particularly dangerous at the time when the project has already reached the stage of execution. Furthermore, the reputation of both clients and constructing companies can be damaged significantly. As a rule, planners have to exclude certain deliverables at the point when certain technical and financial problems arise. These issues should be clarified at the initial stages. These are some of the issues that should be addressed as quickly as possible. This argument is relevant if one speaks about the construction of Wembley Stadium. Initially, it was expected that this venue could host athletic competitions that are a critical part of the Olympic Games. Nevertheless, later it became clear that a single venue could not adequately accommodate for rugby, football, and athletic competitions ( Virginov, 2013, p. 52). At the stage of design, it became obvious that this goal could not be achieved due to time constraints and lack of space. Additionally, the designers and constructors clearly stated that Wembley Stadium could not accommodate a hotel (Lowe 2013). One should bear in mind that some constructing companies strive to make sure that a stadium can incorporate a hotel in its structure (Lowe 2013). This design choice can be important for increasing returns on a project and attracting a greater number of tourists. Thirdly, one should mention that the project planners decided to limit the expansion of hospitality suits. These choices were made by governmental agencies when it became clear that the project would too expensive. Furthermore, the construction process could become too time-consuming. These are the main rationales underlying these decisions. Thus, the scoping exclusions were necessary to avoid the failure of the project which was critical for the Olympic Games . This case demonstrates the construction projects can lead to different complexities that can take origins in technical or budgetary limitations. Finally, time constraints can be viewed as another important barrier that should be taken into account. Overall, this discussion indicates that scoping decisions can have profound implications for the implementation of any project. They can be critical for avoiding such pitfalls as excessive costs, delays, and legal disputes that can produce disastrous effects. In many cases, scoping exclusions have to be made at the time when designers and planners identify potential barriers to the implementation of a project. At this point, they need to identify the objectives that will not be attained. These are the main details that can be distinguished since they have profound implications for the work of large organisations and vital projects. A project manager, who works in a multi-cultural environment, may have to deal with several challenges. At first, one should consider the problems resulting from the differences in values and attitudes. For example, in some countries, the power distance between managers and employers is rather short (Ting-Toomey 2012; Binder 2012). Therefore, workers may be reluctant to take initiatives without asking the permission of senior executives. This argument is partly relevant if one speaks about some Asian countries such as China. In contrast, in Europe or North America, this power distance is much shorter, and workers are usually more encouraged to take independent initiatives. Under such circumstances, employees may be more willing to act as decision-makers. These differences can lead to delays or conflicts between executives and managers. In order to avoid such problems, one should clearly identify the rules of communication. In particular, a project manager should develop a communication strategy that enables team members to get in contact with one another as quickly as possible. This iss ue is important for the discussion of possible changes, recommendations, difficulties, and so forth. Furthermore, a project manager should identify those cases when a person can act independently. By empowering workers, one can make sure that minor problems can be addressed as quickly as possible. Thus, the efficiency of cooperation can be significantly increased. It is also important to mention that people representing different cultures may have different attitudes towards conflicts. For example, some employees may believe that a conflict or a disagreement can be beneficial in many cases, since very often it can help people understand the strengths and weaknesses of the current business practices. However, in some cultures, people prefer to avoid conflicts since they are mostly associated with rudeness and disrespect (Witoszek Trà ¤gà ¥rdh 2002). This difference can lead to significant problems such as groupthink or unwillingness to critique the opinions of the majority (Hetzel 2013). In order to overcome this difficulty, the manager should implement the so-called open-door policy which encourages people to discuss the most urgent issues as quickly as possible. Secondly, the manger may ask team members to offer their suggestions or critique via email, if they do not want to enter into a direct conflict with their colleagues. Certainly, managers should not assume that existing theoretical frameworks can always predict the behavior of people representing different cultures. One should keep in mind that cultures can change significantly in the course of their interactions with one another (Jais 2007). Thus, a manager should avoid stereotypes while working in multicultural teams. These are some of the main suggestions that should be considered.  Additionally, one should bear in mind that cultures can differ in term of gender relations. This issue becomes particularly acute if one speaks about the role of women and their status in the workplace. Furthermore, there is a risk of hostilities between the representatives of different religious or ethnic groups. In order to minimise the risk of such problems, the manager must clearly state that any discrimination on the basis of gender, ethnicity, religion, or any other criteria is utterly inadmissible. Furthermore, it can immediately result in the termination of contract. Although such measures may seem to be rather harsh, they are very useful for reducing the risk of discrimination in the workplace.  Furthermore, possible difficulties can arise at the time when team members are located in different countries or even continents. For example, these people can be located in different time zones, and their cooperation can be significantly impaired. This problem can be addressed in different ways. To some degree, this problem can be resolved through careful planning and allocation of duties. Additionally, one should make sure that workers are able to work autonomously. If this goal is achieve d, the risks of delays will be significantly reduced. Furthermore, one should apply various communication technologies such as Intranet sites, emails, VoIP (voice over IP) technologies, and so forth. These are some of the technical problems that project managers should not overlook. Yet, the impact of these challenges can be mitigated.  Overall, these examples show a project managers should be skilled in cross-cultural management. These professionals should understand how the values and worldviews of people can influence their workplace behaviors. This person should bear in mind that cultural difference should not be confused with incompetence, carelessness, or rudeness. Such an assumption can produce disastrous effects on the work of teams and hinder the implementation of any project. Appendix References Binder, J., 2012. Global Project Management: Communication, Collaboration and Management. New York: Gower Publishing. Cobb, C., 2011. Making Sense of Agile Project Management: B alancing Control and Agility. New York: John Wiley Sons. Fish, A., 2012. Knowledge Automation: How to Implement Decision Management in Business Processes. Boston: John Wiley Sons. Greer, M., 2002. The Project Manager’s Partner: A Step-by-step Guide to Project Management. New York: AMACOM. Gunsteren, L., 2011. Stakeholder-oriented Project Management: Tools and Concepts. New York: IOS Press. Hetzel, J., 2013. Does Groupthink Lead to Crisis Situations? New York: GRIN Verlag. Hill, G., 2014. The Complete Project Management Methodology and Toolkit. New York: CRC Press. Jais, S., 2007. The Successful Use of Information in Multinational Companies: An exploratory study of individual outcomes and the influence of national culture. New York: Springer Science Business Media. John, G., Sheard, R., Vickery, B., 2007. Stadia: A Design and Development Guide. New York: Routledge. Lowe, D., 2013.Commercial Management: Theory and Practice. New York: John Wiley Sons. Nicholas, J., Steyn, H., 2012. Project Management for Engineering, Business and Technology. New York: Routledge. Pries, K., Quigley, J., 2012, Total Quality Management for Project Management. New York: CRC Press. Sanghera, P., 2007. PgMP: Program Management Professional Exam Study Guide. New York: John Wiley Sons. Schwalbe, K., 2008. Introduction to Project Management. 2nd Edition. New York: Cengage Learning, Shephard, R., 2006. Quantifying Environmental Impact Assessments Using Fuzzy Logic. New York. Springer Science Business Media. Sobh, T., 2008. Advances in Computer and Information Sciences and Engineering. New York: Springer Science Business Media. Ting-Toomey, S., 2012. Communicating Across Cultures. London: Guilford Press. Vargas, R., 2007. Practical Guide to Project Planning. New York: CRC Press. Virginov, V., 2013. Handbook of the London 2012 Olympic and Paralympic Games: Volume One : Making the Games. New York: Routledge. Ward, J., 2011. Dictionary of Project Management Terms. 3rd Edition. New York: ESI International. Witoszek, N, Trà ¤gà ¥rdh, L., 2002, Culture and Crisis: The Case of Germany and Sweden. New York: Berghahn Books. Footnotes 1 Please refer to the Appendix to see the decision tree. This assessment on Management of Projects was written and submitted by user Sunset Bain to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Seven Weeks War through the Lens of Clausewitzs Paradoxical Trinity Concept

Seven Weeks War through the Lens of Clausewitzs Paradoxical Trinity Concept Introduction Attention step: Despite the decisive victory at the Battle of Kà ¶niggrtz, Prussia offered Austria generous peace terms. Austria did not lose any territories, except Venice. The Seven weeks’ War must be one of the most famous conflicts in the world history; while it cannot be judged on par with the WWI or WWII, it still left an important mark in the development of the world’s greatest states and helped define the world’s further leaders, as well as line up the forces. However, when reconsidering the details of the Seven Weeks’ War, one will possibly notice several peculiar issues about it. One of the most interesting facts is that, in spite of their victory, Prussia and Italy did not claim any of Austrian lands except Venice. Analyzing the Seven Weeks’ War from the perspective of Clausewitz’s paradoxical trinity concept, one can possibly reveal a couple of peculiar issues concerning the Seven Weeks’ War outcomes.Advertisi ng We will write a custom essay sample on Seven Weeks’ War through the Lens of Clausewitz’s Paradoxical Trinity Concept specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Thesis During Seven Weeks’ War between Austria and Prussia, Moltke believed that tactical military victory was conflicting with Bismarcks strategy and policy objectives. Bismarck considered Austria as a potential ally and there were no need to waste combat power when the object was to neutralize the force of Austria, which followed the principles of Clausewitz’s paradoxical trinity exactly, since it demanded reason in considering Austria as an ally, using the chance to reinforce the power of the state and passion for the well-being of the state. As Parkinson explained, â€Å"The conflict arose from Austria’s determination to block Prussia’s governing power in Central Europe.†1 Bismarck believed that Austria with its powerful army would be a good ally in the further conflicts. Considering Moltke’s point of view, one must mention that the latter opposed to Bismarck’s decision. Prussia had to make the influence of Austria less significant for the sake of unification of Germany under Prussia Apart from being an obstacle on Prussia’s way to entering Europe, Austria also hindered the unification process that was going on in Prussia under the guidance of Bismarck. Incorporating the elements of the paradoxical trinity, Bismarck paid a special attention to the moods within Prussia. Noting that the Achilles’ heel of Prussia was the dispersedness of its lands, Bismarck conducted the policy of unification. However, Austria was standing in the way a completing the process: â€Å"The task of unification was not yet complete, however. Venetia in the north was still held by Austria†2. Hence, Austria had to be subdued to Prussia. Bismarck planned and prepared the war with Austria for 3 years; ho wever, destroying Austria was not his intent. Prussia had amicable diplomatic relation with Russia by supporting Russia on Polish-Russia War in 1863 Unlike one might have expected, the war with Austria has actually been an elaborate plan and a well thought-out political decision. Thus, one of the key postulates of Clausewitz’s paradoxical trinity, probability, was used in the design of the political actions for Prussia.3 Bismarck met with Napoleon III to ensure that France would not get involved in any future actions between Prussia and Austria. Thus, Bismarck could make sure that Austria would not get help from allies and stand in the way of Prussia unification. Though there were considerable debates in the Prussian government concerning the efficiency of Bismarck’s actions, the results were incredible. Capturing Austria and even its king, Prussia once again proved the genius of Bismarck. Crashing down the Second French Empire, Bismarck also made sure that France woul d never stand between Prussian and Austria.4Advertising Looking for essay on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Politically and diplomatically prepared Prussian military defeated Austria decisively in the Seven Weeks’ War Despite the fact that Austria had a prevalence of military forces, with the help of Clausewitz’s ideas, Prussia managed to take over. Prussia did not pursue the Austrians. Austria rapidly agreed to peace terms and did not lose any territories, except Venice Seeing that Prussia was doubtlessly stronger than Austria, the latter subdued to the conditions offered by Prussia. The major result of the war was a shift in power away from Austria and towards Prussia for the German unification initiatives Demoralizing Austria, Prussia managed to take the lead and continue the consolidation of the German lands. Main strategy Bismarck used in Seven Weeks’ War was â€Å"policy† o f Clausewitz’s paradoxical trinity With three key ideas, i.e., using the right policy, calculating the probability and putting all his passion into the plan, Bismarck managed to defeat Austria. Bismarck had clear policy goals that extended the influence of Prussia of the unified German Empire by expelling Austria with competing initiative of German reunification with Prussian As it has been mentioned, Bismarck’s goals were to not only make Austria the future ally of Prussia, but also consolidate German lands. It was quite possible for Prussia to occupy Austria by military power. However, their goal was not to make a permanent enemy but rather a potential ally. According to the existing evidence, Prussia had enough power not only to defeat Austria, but also to destroy the state’s military forces, economic system and political structure. However, Prussia preferred to leave Austria relatively unharmed, which meant that the Prussian leaders were going to build the r elationships with the defeated state on another principle than â€Å"veni, vidi, vici.† Analyzing the choices that were made by the Prussian government, one must mention that the strategy of imposing rather light reparations on Austria was chosen by a very narrow margin. While the state conducted the policy approved of by the Prussian Minister President, Otto von Bismarck, there was another point of view on the situation. Some people believed that Prussia should have taken its toll on Austria:Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Seven Weeks’ War through the Lens of Clausewitz’s Paradoxical Trinity Concept specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This policy of restraint was achieved by some effort on Bismarck’s part, against the desires of the king and some of his advisers. Bismarck realized, as the king did not, that the work of German unifications was not yet completed, and a humiliated and bitter Austria would be a potential ally for the new obstacle that now stood in Prussia’s way, France.5 Since Prussia lacked its own resources and military forces to fight France in the future, Bismarck wisely decided to use the help of the Austrian government. In the given decision, the elements of Clausewitz’s theory can also be traced. For example, it is obvious that Bismarck had to come up with a sophisticated policy towards the opponent, at the same time calculating the probability of having the need to resort to Austria’s services. Finally, one needs great passion towards the state and its political success to make the king himself change his mind concerning the relationships with Austria. Conclusion In the light of the above-mentioned acts, it must be admitted that the conflict between Austria and Prussia was solved rather wisely. Analyzing the results of the war, as well as the actions that were undertaken in the course of the war, one can trace the element of Clausewitz’s theory in the decisions that were made by Bismarck. Incorporating the appropriate policy, accurate calculations of probability, as well as the passion about the conflict, Bismarck managed to defeat the opponent. Reference List Brams, Steven J. Theory of moves. Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press, 1993. Duiker, W. J. and J. J. Spiegelvogel. World history: since 1500. Stamford, CN: Cengage Learning, 2012. Hartmann, U. Carl Von Clausewitz and the Making of Modern Strategy. Stoughton, WI: Books on Demand, 2002. Parsinson, Roger. Encyclopedia of modern war. New York, NY: Taylor Francis, 1979.Advertising Looking for essay on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Spiegelvogel, J. J. Western Civilization: Since 1789. Stamford, CN: Cengage Learning, 2011. Footnotes 1. Roger Parsinson, Encyclopedia of modern war (New York, NY: Taylor Francis, 1979), 48. 2. William J. Duiker and Jackson J. Spiegelvogel, World History: Since 1500 (Stamford, CN: Cengage Learning, 2012), 564. 3. Uve Hartmann, Carl Von Clausewitz and the Making of Modern Strategy (Stoughton, WI: Books on Demand, 2002), 36. 4. Jackson J. Spiegelvogel, Western Civilization: Since 1789 (Stamford, CN: Cengage Learning, 2011), 681. 5. Steven J. Brams, Theory of moves (Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press, 1993), 81.

Responding to the global economic crisis can lead to a more Essay

Responding to the global economic crisis can lead to a more sustainable economy - Essay Example Financial break down occurred in these countries towards the middle of 2007 and intensified in the next year. The crisis had changed the economic working in most of these nations and led to stagnation of their economic growth (Obstfeld, Cho, and Mason 2012, 1). Bankruptcy filing by some of the largest financial institutions in the world, such as the Lehman Brothers and the Northern Rock, caused a steep collapse in the financial structure in the country and has triggered a global panic. It has disrupted the international trade pattern. The countries that take part in international trade are interlinked to one another through trade relations. Therefore the impact of recession created in the advanced countries owing to their economic and financial failure, have also spread to the other developing nations. This has brought in a recessionary pressure in the whole world (Takagi 2009). Financial crisis and recession in 2007 The twenty first century has been notified as â€Å"the era of gre at modernization†. However, these courses of events have caused concern about the economic growth pattern in the countries around the world. Depression in the business cycle in these cases has extended for more than four quarters (which is considered the maximum period of time for which an economy might stay in recession) (Arcega 2013). The future of the global economy is under lots of debates and discussion and experts opine that imbalances in the international trade pattern and overheating of the global economic structure and pose considerable importance on the economic future of all the countries. Hence, it is implied that the governments in these countries are required to take policy initiatives in response to this financial downturn in order to bring back stability in their economies (Obstfeld, Cho and Mason 2012, 2). In this context it has to be mentioned that the economic crunch has cast influence on the issue of sustainable development. The years prior to the financial crisis had witnessed good growth rate in the United States in terms of GDP. The GDP is commonly used as a measure of economic growth. The ideal growth rate of GDP is that particular rate of growth of the total national output, which is sustainable (Amadeo 2013). Macroeconomic policies therefore bear close connotation to sustainability issues (Eichengreen 2010). The financial crisis of 2007 has been compared by several experts to a bug that has eroded the hard earned benefits of good economic growth achieved by these economies prior to 2007. However, the more important question facing researchers and policy makers is that whether these development goals have been consistent with the concept of sustainable development. Sustainability and sustainable development The Federal government of the United States has applied the neo classical economic theory for attaining deep understanding of the economic issues occurring in these countries and curving out solutions from the fundamentals of this theory. The neo classical economic theory involves the dual notion of allocation of resources in the free market from within the resource endowment of the economy and the price system followed in such a market economy (Endres 2002, 6). Concept of sustainability Sustainability refers to the constraints put on the inter-temporal distribution of available resources that are used by the mankind for fulfillment of their current desires and requirements (Howarth 2010, 448). There are various notions about the concept of sustainability and these concepts are subjected to the economical, geographical, political, social and cultural precincts of each particular nation. Therefore, there is no strict and bounded definition of sustainability.

Final paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 8

Final paper - Essay Example France is noted to have been the first state in Western Europe to remove the sanction placed on homosexuality, 1791. It is important to note the existence of a mental condition, which hinders one from realizing their true sexual orientation, thus leaving them thoroughly confused. This mostly occurs at the youth stage where one is most vulnerable to the influences of the world. Derald Wing Sue and David Sue (2013) describe the struggle by for individuals who realize that the expected social norms are not in line with their internal thoughts and feelings on the subject. There are groups set out in the world ill-equipped to handle the name-calling, bullying and numerous other offences that are dished out to them. Physical violence is not unheard of for anti-‘something extremists who believe the world would do better without the smaller minorities (Saewyc et al., 2006). Israelites were highly discriminated by the Nazis in the era of Hitler; the black Americans have had a long history of discrimination before they were finally accepted. These are only a minor fraction of the numerous discrimination cases that can be exemplified for the benefit of the context. However, the common factor that stands out is their devious behavior to natural norms and lack of conformity. This makes them easy targets for wrong-minded individuals who believe that they are supposed to be the predominant group. In most countries, the LGBT community has been accepted legally. However, facts on the ground indicate that there is a sort of cold war between them and extremist who refuse to accept them regardless of law. This creates a stigmatized community with little to no voice depending on the location. Despite proof of the community having existed in the society for as far back as millennia BC, the human nature seeks to root out any irregularities in the system. These are the deviants and those who seem to

HSA 535 WK& DB2Tracking Vaccine Preventable Diseases Coursework

HSA 535 WK& DB2Tracking Vaccine Preventable Diseases - Coursework Example The vaccine is recommended for children of the age of 11 and 12 years in order to boost their immune system before they become sexually active. Additionally, young people who do not get vaccinated at the teenage should get vaccinated where young women should be vaccinated through the age of 26 and the men through the age of 21 in order to boost their immune system. Immunizations should be taken seriously because they reduce the number of infections and the number of people visiting the clinic. Georgia’s vaccination rate for children has been said to have reached the near record lows. Despite the infants being immunized, there are other under-immunized children and adolescents, as well as, adults which has made them to miss the opportunity of protecting themselves from diseases such as Influenza, pneumococcal disease and Hepatitis B. To increase the number of children and adults vaccinated the government has introduced a policy, even in school where the school going children have to be vaccinated before getting admission. Awareness has also been created to reduce the number of infections caused by vaccine able diseases. I agree with this position because it is important for people to understand the need and significance of immunization. By so doing, they will ensure that the preventable diseases are taken under control. Human papilloma virus immunization in both young adults and adolescents is vital and a cohort study would help the researcher in realizing the number of people who visit the clinic; thus understanding levels of immunization each year (Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 2015). The cohort study would also help in the identification of issues of concern, while at the same time monitoring the effects of large –scale intervention; thus, helping in addressing vaccine safety issues. Lastly, the study may be issue to

Frankenstein Passion For Knowledge Is His Demise English Literature Essay

Frankenstein Passion For Knowledge Is His Demise English Literature Essay Thesis: Victor Frankenstein had such a curiosity for life, death, science and electricity. Victor leaves everything he knows to further his education. His thirst for knowledge controlled his life. His goal was to find a way to dissolve all sickness and keep the human body alive. He was trying to play God. He was creating life from death. He would create a monster that he immediately rejects, due to his appearance. This rejection plays a major part in the monsters hatred for others. While creating this creature, Victor thought it would have great respect and loyalty to him. Victor brought life to this creature without thinking of the consequences. He was in this world all alone. In the beginning he was merely a lost innocent soul. The monster just wanted to be loved. He just wanted to be accepted. Since acceptance was not a choice for him. He wanted Victor to make another creature like him, but of course a female. He wanted the kind of love he seen in Victor and Elizabeth. If he could not have this love and happiness, then he would take his creators happiness. In the end, this monster took everything Victor had ever loved, even his life. Frankensteins Passion for Knowledge A. Victor was very curious about life and death early in life. B. After the death of his mother, Victor left his true love to pursue his education. C. Victors passion for a way to preserve life was even stronger after the death of his mother. II. Frankensteins Creation A. Victor innocently created this monstrous being. B. Victor worked for a long period of time to try to perfect life. He thought this creature would be grateful to him for giving him life. C. Victor was really trying to play God; he was trying to give life to death. III. The Monsters Innocence, Love, and Kindness turns to Anger A. Victor rejected his creation. B. The monsters anger came from the rejection shown by Victor. The monsters appearance was so hideous; he hated his creator for making him this way. C. The monster also had a yearning for knowledge, which increased his senses and peaked his curiosity. The Monster learned from the villagers from afar. IV. Frankensteins Passion would also be his Demise. A. The Monster demanded a mate, so that he to could also be loved and feel that experience. B. The Monster just wanted to be loved. He wanted the kind of love the villagers shared. Victor decided not to give it to him a mate. C. He killed Victors friends and family out of rage. The monster would also be the death of Victor Frankenstein: Passion for Knowledge is his Demise In the novel Frankenstein by Mary Shelley, Victor Frankenstein had a great curiosity for life and death at a very early age. He became very interested in electricity after lightening had struck a tree near his home. He thought if electricity could destroy something so massive, what it could create. Victor then started to experiment with electricity. He made a small electrical machine and also made a kite with a wire for a string to try to harness the electricity. Victor had a great yearning for knowledge about life and death. His favorite philosophers of science were Cornelius Agrippa, Albertus Magnus, and Paraclesus, they intrigued his imagination. He also learned several different languages in order to pursue different philosophers. Victor had been to school in Geneva, but his father thought that he needed to further his education, so he suggested that he go the a University in Ingolstadt to complete his education. As Victor was to go off to school, his mother became very ill with Scarlet Fever. She told Victor and Elizabeth that she wanted them to be joined together forever. She knew she was dying and told the children that she will indulge of the hopes of meeting them in another world. His mother dies calmly with her children by her side. Victor loved his mother very much. She was like a part of him that was gone forever. He expressed his feelings of a void in his soul. This was hard for him to accept, but he knew he must continue with hi s regular duties. His journey to Ingolstadt was delayed by the death of his mother. He was even more eager to learn about life and death with the passing of his mother. Victor went to Ingolstadt alone. Elizabeth had to stay home and take care of the younger children, Ernest and William. Henry Clerval, his best friend, went to work for his father. Victor started his classes at the University, he had two different instructors. He went to visit M. Krempe, professor of natural philosophy. Victor expressed his works he thought most interesting. Krempe told him he had wasted his time studying the likes of exploded systems and useless names. He told him he must start his studies anew and gave him a list of books he needed to read. Victor returned to his apartment, he did feel the need to read such book that he has so strongly probated. He then spent the next few days in solitude. He then went to M. Waldens class who was a professor of chemistry. He liked this professor much better than Krempe. After a few experiments, he concluded the session with in which Victor will never forget, The ancient teachers of science promised impossibilities, and performed not hing. The modern masters promised very little; they know that metals cannot be transmuted, and that the elixir of life is a chimera. But the philosophers, whose hands seem only made to dabble in dirt, and their eyes to pour over the microscope or crucible; have indeed performed miracles. They penetrate into the recess of nature, shew how she works in her hiding places. They ascent into the heavens; they have discovered how the blood circulates, and the most nature of the air we breathe. They have acquired almost all new unlimited powers; they can command the thunders of heaven, mimic the earthquake and even mock the invisible world with its own shadows. (28). He later spoke privately to M. Walden. Victor told Walden that his lectures had removed his prejudices against modern chemistry. Walden was pleased with this statement. Walden took Victor into his laboratory and showed him his devices. Walden also told him to study mathematics and when he had advanced enough he could use the equipment in his lab. He also gave him a list of books to read. Victor knew this was an eventful day, a day he would never forget. This day had decided Victors future destiny. He then focused his studies natural philosophy and particularly chemistry. He threw himself into all his studies. He would sometimes work/study until early morning. His full attention was on his pursuit of his discoveries, in which he had high hopes of making. He had not been home in several years. He felt as thought he had improved as much as he could through the University and was planning to go back to Geneva, when an incident protracted him to stay. Victor learned he must examine the course of life he must first have recourse of death. He then became very familiar with anatomy. He also studied the decay of life; he became able to bestow animation upon lifeless matter. He spent several months collecting his materials, to make his creature. He finally begins to puts all the pieces together. While creating this creature, Victor thought it would be grateful to its creator. Victor thought it would owe their being and happiness to him. He hoped to renew life where death had corrupted the body. He worked thru the summer and Victor had still not written or visited home. He was working on the conclusion of his masterpiece. His work had started to make him sick; he ran a low grade fever each night and became nervous to a painful degree. He had once enjoyed his health and then he promised to get more exercise and amusement when the creation was complete. The creature is complete. After all the hard work that he put into this being, it was a hideous creature. Victor had given up rest and his health to create such an ugly being. Victor was filled with horror and disgust. Unable to endure the creature he created he rushed out of the room. Dreams now become a he ll. His friend Henry had come to see him surprisingly. He felt joy for the first time in several months. He took Henry back to his apartment, but first went to check to see if the creature was gone, and he was. Then he led Henry up the stairs to the apartment. Victor then got a nervous fever, which confined him for several months. Henry was Victors only nurse. Henry would also write home for Victor to keep in touch with his family. Henry did not tell the family that Victor was extremely sick. Finally Victor began to recover. He asked Henry what he could do for him. He told him to write home in his own handwriting and let his family know that he was better. Victor was awaiting a letter from his father, to let him know when to come home. The letter Victor received was something a little different than expected. Victor received a letter from his father asking him to return home immediately. His youngest brother William had been murdered. His father did not know who had killed William. When Victor returned home he was told that Justine Moritz was the murderer. He was for sure there must be a mistake. Justine would not have hurt William. The family tried to help Justine. The evidence of the photo that was placed in her possession this leads the court to declare her guilty and she was put to death. The actual murderer was the monster. The monster killed William to get revenge upon Victor for rejecting him or even creating him. The monster and Victor finally meet up. The monster told Victor his struggles since his birth. He knew nothing when he was created. He learned thirst, hunger and cold very quickly. The monster told Victor of how cruel people had been to him, just because of his appearance. He was an innocent soul. He finally took refuge in a building, near a cottage where some villagers lived. He watched these people and learned from them. He learned to speak and read. He more importantly learned of giving, caring, intimacy and love. He helped the villagers gather wood for their fire and vegetables from their garden, from afar. He wanted so badly to be part of that family. They had all that he knew of as being right in the world. They had food, shelter, fire, clothes and each others company. What more could one ask for? When the monster goes to talk to these people they feared for their life, just to look at this monster. He was so scary that people did not give him a chance to even speak. People imm ediately thought he would hurt them. They too were mean to him and hit him with sticks to make him run away. This is what made him so angry and even more eager for revenge on his creator. The monster spoke to Victor and demanded he make him a mate. He just wanted to be loved. He wanted to be able to share the kind of life he seen with the villagers, with a mate of his own. He only wanted to be happy. He would go far away from civilization and live with this other monster, if only Victor would comply. Victor was reluctant at first but then told the monster he would create one more of his kind. Then the monster gave Victor back his journal and told him he would be watching him. Victor went back to Ingolstadt and started working on the female. He worked for a long period of time to try to reconstruct another creature. His friend, Henry, tried to talk him out of making another creature. Henry told him, he will only continue to demand more from you. The monster watched Victor from afar. Then one night, Victor realized that what he was doing was very wrong. He was not God; he should not be creating life from death. Victor then destroys the body. The monster was enraged with anger. How can you deprive me of happiness? The monster then tells Victor, If you can not give me happiness then I will take yours (00). He also tells Victor, I will be with you on your wedding night. He promised to make Victors life miserable. So the monster takes off once more. The monster then kills his friend Henry. Victor is accused of the murder and was taken to prison to wait his fate. He became very ill once more and was nursed back to health while in prison. Mr. Kirwin had written to his family to tell them of Victors situation and his father was to come see him. Victors father finally arrives in Ingolstadt. Victor was soon to have a trail, but not one of public proportion. The grand jury left it up to the lower courts to decide. Mr. Kirwin was helpful in getting witnesses for Victor for his trial. They did not have enough evidence to convict Victor, so he was set free. He and his father started their travels home. They had several stops along the way. Victor receives a letter from Elizabeth. She tells of her love for him, but wonders if he may have found another love while out in the world away from Geneva. She worries greatly as to the reason for his sadness. He writes back to her from Paris to let her know that he truly loves her, but that he does have an awful secret that makes his so miserable. Victor tells Elizabeth that he will confess this secret the night after their wedding. Victor and his father arrive home in Geneva. Elizabeth was so excited to see him. See rushed out to hug him and she starts to cry as she sees how emancipated he had become. She was just so happy for him to be home. Alphonse then spoke of a wedding for the two of them, so it was set to take place in ten days. Victor was excited to be marrying his true love, but was so very frightened of what may happen on his wedding night. All he could this of was the monster telling him I will be with you on your wedding night. As the wedding day grew closer the more heart sick Victor became. Victor just wanted to be happy and for Elizabeth to be happy. Victor took every precaution to protect himself. He carried pistols and a dagger, which gave him some tranquility. He somehow started to this of the threat from the monster as a delusion and focused himself more on his happiness. Victors father was so joyful and excited about the wedding as he made all the plans. After the wedding, the reception was held at his fathers house. Elizabeth and Victor were to retreat to Evian and then return to their new home in Colgony the next day. They started their journey toward Evian by way of water. This would be the last moments in which he would have feelings of happiness. They landed about 8 oclock. They had talked on the journey; Elizabeth was a little quieter but expressed that even if her face did not show her happiness that it was in her heart. Victor had been calm during the day, but now after dark he became very agitated and nervous. He became so nervous, he made Elizabeth retire to her room. Victor then inspected the entire inn. He could not see a way that the monster could get in. Then Victor heard a shrill and dreadful scream, it was repeated again just before he entered Elizabeths room. Victor found her lifeless and her head hung over the bed. He could not bare this site. Victor then fainted. He awakened to find the inns people around him. He went to Elizabeth and held her cold l ifeless body and wept in agony and despair. He looked up to see something in the window; it was the monster pointing toward Elizabeth with a grin on his face. Victor took his pistol out and shot at him but he went into the lake. The inns people came when they heard the shot and Victor explained he was in the lake. A search was conducted for him without success. Victor knew his father would expect their return. Victor quickly returned back to Geneva. Victor kept thinking that my father and Ernest could also be in danger. When he returned his family were alive. Victors father could not live under the horrors that were accumulated around him. His father took an apoplectic fit and died a few days later, in his arms. Victor then lost all concepts for life and was retired to a solitary cell for several months. When Victor awakened to reason, he awakened to revenge. Victor had asked for help in finding this monster, but was turned away. He gathered some things and was leaving Geneva. He came upon the grave sites of his family and kissed the ground and vowed to pursue the daemon that caused this misery and fight him till the death. The monster was there and whispered to him I am satisfied: miserable wretch! You have determined to live, and I am satisfied. (141). Victor tried to catch him, but his speed was that of an unnatural being. So Victor searches for him for several months. Victor would go until his huger would overtake him. He became very weak. Victor followed his creation for several weeks. He traded his horse in for a sled and dogs to continue his tract toward the north. Victor at last had Frankenstein in his sites, so he stopped and got some an hour of rest then he continued his search with vengeance. He got closer and closer to the monster. He then lost site of him, waves had broken up the ice of the sea and Victor was left stranded on a piece of ice in the middle of the ocean. Victor spends a few days on this iceberg with no hopes of surviving, two of his dogs died. Then out of no where he sees a ship stuck in the ice and they pull him ashore. The Captain takes him to his cabin to try to nurse him back to health. He was very weak and sick. Victor tells the Captain of his story. Victor asks the Captain to continue his search for the monster and to destroy him if he dies. Victor became weaker and weaker. Victor dies with his task undone. The Captain had retired to his room and then he hears a voice coming from the cabin where Victors body remains. The Captain enters the room to see this wretch of a man. The monster was talking to his creator. The monster said That is also my victim!(153). The monster was saddened by Victors death. He wanted a pardon form his creator, but it was to late. The monster said, Farewell Frankenstein! I shall now die and what I now feel shall be no longer felt. Soon these burning miseries will be extinct. I shall ascend my funeral pile triumphantly, and exult in the agony of the torturing flames. The light of that conflagration will fade away; my ashes will be swept into the sea by the winds. My spirit will sleep in peace; or if it thinks, it will not surely think thus. Farewell! (156) This creature had wanted revenge on Victor. He wanted him to suffer. He wanted him to be in misery. He took all that was good in Victors life. He took his brother, friend and most importantly his wife. Victor was haunted by his own creation. He has now at last destroyed Victor! As I look back on the story, this was nothing like I had expected. I always thought of Frankenstein as just a Monster, which is definitely not the case. I felt this story was more of a love story than anything else. He was an innocent creature. He just wanted to be loved. In the story Mary Shelley makes a few references about God. Shelley refers to the monster as like Adam was to God. Only Adam had a father who loved him. Frankenstein did not. I think her theme is mostly about innocence of this creature and also of the innocence of Victor himself. As he created this creature he was not thinking of this outcome. He thought of a beautiful being. He was merely trying to abolish sickness in the world and come up with a lot more than he expected. Also, Shelly shows how hatred and vengeance can destroy the mind and the body. Shelly shows us that it is great to always want to better ourselves but if it takes your happiness then is it really worth it? In my eyes they both went to extremes to learn about different things; Victor about science and the Monster about life, love, and happiness. A human being should always preserve a calm and peaceful mind; never let passion or desire disturb tranquility. If the studies to which you apply yourself weakens your affections or destroy your simple pleasures then that is not benefiting the human mind. Works Cited Page Bentley, Colene. Family, Humanity, Polity: Theorizing the Basis and Boundaries of Political Community in Frankenstein. Criticism: A Quarterly for Literature and the Arts, Volume 47.3. Bloom, Harold. Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley, New Edition, Blooms Modern Critical Views. New York: Chelsea House Publishing, 2008. Blooms Literary Reference Online. Facts On File, Inc. Brackett, Virginia. Frankenstein. Facts On File Companion to the British Novel: Beginnings through the 19th Century, Vol. 1. New York: Facts On File, Inc., 2006. Blooms Literary Reference Online. Facts On File, Inc. Burt, Daniel S. Frankenstein. The Novel 100: A Ranking of the Greatest Novels of All Time. New York: Facts On File, Inc., 2004. Blooms Literary Reference Online. Facts On File, Inc. DAmmassa, Don. Frankenstein. Encyclopedia of Fantasy and Horror Fiction. New York: Facts On File, Inc., 2006. Blooms Literary Reference Online. Facts On File, Inc. Frankenstein Movie. Hallmark: 2004 Shelly, Mary. Frankenstein. WW Norton Company, Inc.: 1996 Sherwin, Paul. Frankenstein: Creation as Catastrophe. PMLA (1981). Quoted as Frankenstein: Creation as Catastrophe in Bloom, Harold, ed. The Sublime, Blooms Literary Themes.New York: Chelsea House Publishing, 2010. Blooms Literary Reference Online. FactsOn File, Inc. Snodgrass, Mary Ellen. Frankenstein. Encyclopedia of Gothic Literature. New York: Facts On File, Inc., 2005. Blooms Literary Reference Online. Facts On File, Inc.

Essay on Gertrude and Ophelia’s Death in Shakespeares Hamlet

Gertrude and Ophelia’s Death in Hamlet  Ã‚   The Queen gives a remarkably detailed account of Ophelia’s death leaving one to believe that she may have witnessed the event. We know that she emphasized with Ophelia’s suffering to such an extent that perhaps she realized that the kindest action to take would be to let Ophelia decide her own fate, although she clearly was not in a fit state of mind to do this and was barely aware of her surroundings â€Å"incapable of her own distress.† Ophelia’s death is â€Å"beautified† as she dies in a romantic and beautiful scene befitting her character where she was surrounded by her garland of flowers. (Ophelia herself was â€Å"beautified† in a letter from Hamlet which Polonius found to be a â€Å"vile phrase.†) There is much detail, leading me to believe that Gertrude is trying to soften the blow for Laertes who is already enraged over his father’s death and his sister’s madness; the King says, â€Å"How much I had to do to cl am his rage.† This is a typically selfish reaction of Claudius which serves to emphasize the need for Laertes to control his grief, as he is an extremely fiery character. Ophelia died after collecting flowers from over a brook. I think that she was collecting them to distribute to the court, as she did after her father’s death. Flowers are a symbol of innocence, pure and easily destroyed. The tree she was crawling along whilst collecting these garlands was a willow, which is usually associated with weeping and grief, something we have assigned to the â€Å"watery† (perhaps with tears) character of Ophelia. The branches of a willow hang down towards the ground in a downcast fashion, indicating grief. The personification even extends to her garments that were â€Å"too heavy with heir drink.† The ... ...h his actions do not reflect this thought now, he had previously written her a note saying, â€Å"But that I love thee best, O most best, believe it.† Apart from the ambiguity surrounding her death and her love for Hamlet, Ophelia is described by all as an innocent child, grappling with situations her youth is unprepared for. Even if she had consummated her love for Hamlet, I can still picture Ophelia as a vulnerable and innocent child who has to cope with situations beyond her control in a world where the role of the female is passive. It is this helplessness which Gertrude wants to look after as she â€Å"hoped thou should’st have been my Hamlet’s wife† and her madness which Gertrude wants to save her form by allowing Ophelia to make the decision over life and death. Work Cited Shakespeare, William. Hamlet. 1600? Ed. Sylvan Barnet. New York: Signet Classic, 1998

Navajo Peacemaking

CAV Paper – Navajo Peacemaking Throughout Indian Country tribes have their own courts to address legal matters. However, the Navajo Nation has a court system that stands apart from other tribes. Howard L. Brown Esq. wrote, â€Å"The Navajo Nation’s Peacemaker Division: An Integrated Community-Based Dispute Resolution Forum† which was published in the American Indian Law Review 1999-2000 issue and was reprinted in the May/July 2002 issue of Dispute Resolution Journal. As a former judicial law clerk for the Supreme Court of the Navajo Nation, Brown gained firsthand experience with the Peacemaker Division within the Navajo Nation’s Judicial Branch.He details the history, development and ceremonies associated with this resolution forum. Two other authors also covered the same topic, agreeing with Brown’s opinion although from different perspectives. This paper will compare Brown’s viewpoint to Jon’a F. Meyers article, â€Å"It is a Gift F rom the Creator to Keep Us in Harmony: Original (vs. Alternative) Dispute Resolution on the Navajo Nation† published in the International Journal of Public Administration and Jeanmarie Pinto’s article â€Å"Peacemaking as Ceremony: the Mediation Model of the Navajo Nation. published in The International Journal of Conflict Management. Brown’s article opens with statistical information about the Navajo Nation’s reservation size and population, its status as a sovereign nation, and system of government. The article provides a brief history and evolution of the Navajo Nation’s judicial system, clearly explaining the difference between Navajo common law and contrasts it with the more adversarial federal or state law. The Navajo Nation Tribal Council established the Navajo courts, which make up one of the three branches of tribal government.In 1982, after searching for more traditional ways to solve disputes the Peacemaker Court began. It is know referr ed to as the Peacemaker Division within the judicial branch of government and uses Navajo Common law. [1] In â€Å"Peacemaking as Ceremony: The Mediation Model of the Navajo Nation,† Pinto agrees with Brown’s explanation of the Navajo court and government system, but explains the difference between Original Dispute Resolution (ODR) and Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR). The Navajo legal term for peacemaking s Original Dispute Resolution, because it is the traditional Navajo method for solving disputes while ADR is a term for unique mediation methods within the federal, state, and local court systems. [2] Jon’a Meyer ‘s description of the history of Navajo peacemaking also agrees with the other two authors version of the history of the Navajo Nation’s judicial system, but the article â€Å"It is a Gift From the Creator to Keep Us in Harmony: Original (vs. Alternative) Dispute Resolution on the Navajo Nation† includes a history King Henry Ià ¢â‚¬â„¢s use of compensation for crimes which is a component of the Navajo peacemaking process. 3] According to Brown, Navajo common law is also known as traditional law which â€Å"reflects the customs, usages and traditions of the Navajo People, formed by Navajo values in action,† reinforcing the Nation’s sovereignty, preserving Navajo tradition, and preventing the state from interfering in Navajo judicial matters. [4] The article relates why the use of Navajo common law is important as it employs traditional cultural values to resolve disputes which is something familiar to the disputants, making them more inclined to go through the legal process to settle disputes.Pinto agrees with Brown, but points out that there are some younger Navajos who are not supportive of returning to the old ways of resolving disputes and prefer to use the more mainstream Navajo Court System. [5] Meyer’s article mentions the use of Navajo common law in the Navajo as did Brown and P into, but states â€Å"peacemaking never fully ceased to occur in the remote regions of the reservation. †[6] Unlike Pinto, Meyer did not mention the lack of support for Navajo peacekeeping within the younger generation.Peacemaking or hozhooji naat’aanii comes from Navajo common law and tradition and includes â€Å"a justice ceremony in which disputants and community members gather to talk things out with the assistance of a respected community leader or naat’aannii (peacemaker) to reach a consensual settlement. †[7] Brown describes how a peacemaker is chosen, how tradition is followed by opening the session with a prayer to create a harmonious atmosphere, and the protocol that if followed during the mediation leading to the final consensual solution.While talking things out family and community members will explain to the offender how they have violated tradition and failed to fulfill the expectation of their role as a family or community member and how it has impacted them. Brown’s description of the peacemaking process is similar to Pinto’s which is illustrated via a table comparing three model’s of dispute resolution. The table clearly shows the importance of Navajo tradition in peacemaking and how it is reflected in each step of the process via a healing ceremony and focusing on restoring harmony to the community. 8] Pinto also includes three pages detailing the seven steps and components of the peacemaking process. The outline format makes the process easy to understand and reinforces many points brought up by the other two authors. Meyer describes the peacemaking process in terms similar to Brown and Pintos, but compares the Navajo process to other tribal resolution methods. Using the Ojibwe example of cleansing the spirits of offenders and victims of a crime, Meyer points out that the Navajo peacemaking process works to eliminate â€Å"the causes of discord rather than focus on the dispute itself. [9] A fter the period of discussion the peacemaker will often use a story to illustrate the wrongdoing and to find a consensual solution that is in accordance with traditional Navajo beliefs. Brown relates how the story of the Horned Toad and Lightning resolved a dispute over land ownership. [10] Lightning felt that he owned all of the land and was upset when Horned Toad entered it and ordered him to leave. When Horned Toad refused to leave, Lightning threw a lightning bolt which landed very close to Horned Toad who left.The next day Horned Toad returned wearing armor and when Lightning hit him with a lightning bolt it was deflected by the armor. Horned Toad explained that the Creator was the same one that gave them the land and the armor and questioned why they were fighting over something that had been given to them. This story reminds disputants of the importance of talking things out and following traditional ways. While Pinto agrees with Brown’s account of how stories are used as a part of the peacemaking process, the article does not mention any specific stories.However, Pinto states, â€Å"through the telling of Sacred Navajo Narratives, and in relating wisdom gained through personal experience, the peacemakers teaches basic Navajo principles and guides the participants from a negative frame of mind to one that is positive enough to promote problem solving. †[11] Meyer also mentions the use of stories, but states that they are used to â€Å"illustrate issues in the dispute. †[12] All three authors agree that during the peacemaking solutions are achieved through discussion of the dispute and that the resolution reached is one that satisfies all parties.Meyer’s article is the only one that mentions the term â€Å"restorative justice† and it is in reference to the 1881 Brule Sioux Crow Dog case, in which the offender compensated the victim’s family. Crow Dog murdered Chief Spotted Tail and was ordered by the tribe to â⠂¬Å"make reparations to the victim’s family, a sanction that was commonly imposed in Sioux homicides. [13] Pinto’s outline of the peacemaking process includes the nalyeeh, â€Å"a process resulting in restitution, restoration, and making a person whole for an injury. [14] The person who caused the injury or is the responsible party for the dispute is required to make sure that restitution is given to the victim or victim’s family, which will help make the community whole again. Brown does not mention the term â€Å"restorative justice,† but does explain that the solution must be something agreed upon and satisfactory for all parties involved in the dispute. The agreement by consensus implies that community harmony is restored.The Navajo Nation’s Peacemaking Division has been successful and other tribes in the United States and Canada have similar successes. Meyer’s article uses an example taken from Hollow Water, Manitoba where tribal leade rs allowed sexual abusers to plead guilty and complete a 13 step two year program that helped them address the issues they struggle with due to their having been victimized during their childhood. After completion of the program â€Å"the former abuser foes through a cleansing ceremony to mark a new beginning for all involved.During the ceremony, the former abuser washed his victim’s feet, symbolically allowing her to re-enter womanhood, then throws a mask he has worn throughout the ceremony into the fire, symbolically destroying his identity as an abuser. †[15] The tribe has been incredibly successful with less than 5% of the abusers committing a sexual offense again, compared to much higher recidivism rates in mainstream courts. Pinto’s article agrees with Meyer that the Navajo peacekeeping system is successful and even goes as far to suggest it serving as a model or Western mediation â€Å"to improve the mediation methods currently being used. †[16] Br own’s article suggest that the Navajo Peacemaking system is successful and that success is reflected in the increased number of cases in the Peacekeeping Division. [17] Three authors wrote about Navajo peacekeeping from different perspectives, bringing up various points, but all agreed that it is successful. With the success of the Navajo Peacemaking Division of the Navajo Nation court system, it is clear that this long-standing tradition will continue to bring back restore harmony to communities torn apart by disputes.Works Cited Brown, Howard L. â€Å"Nation's Peacemaker Division: An Integrated, Community-Based Dispute Resolution Forum,† Dispute Resolution Journal 57 (May 2002) : 42- 48. Meyer, Jon’a. â€Å"It is a Gift From the Creator to Keep Us in Harmony: Original (vs. Alternative) Dispute Resolution on the Navajo Nation† International Journal of Public Administration 25 (2002) : 1379 – 1401. Pinto, Jeanmarie. â€Å"Peacemaking as Ceremony: The Mediation Model of the Navajo Nation,† The International Journal of Conflict Management 11 (2000) : 267-286. ———————– 1] Howard L. Brown, â€Å"Nation's Peacemaker Division: An Integrated, Community-Based Dispute Resolution Forum,† Dispute Resolution Journal 57 (May 2002), 44. [2] Jeanmarie Pinto, â€Å"Peacemaking as Ceremony: The Mediation Model of the Navajo Nation,† The International Journal of Conflict Management 11 (2000), 269. [3] Meyer, Jon’a â€Å"It is a Gift From the Creator to Keep Us in Harmony: Original (vs. Alternative) Dispute Resolution on the Navajo Nation† International Journal of Public Administration 25 (2002) : 1380. [4] Brown, Nation's Peacemaker Division, 45. 5] Pinto, Peacemaking as Ceremony, 270. [6] Meyer, It is a Gift From the Creator, 1387. [7] Brown, Nation's Peacemaker Division, 45. [8] Pinto, Peacemaking as Ceremony, 275. [9] Meyer, It is a Gift From the Crea tor, 1388. [10] Brown, Nation's Peacemaker Division, 47. [11] Pinto, Peacemaking as Ceremony, 278. [12] Meyer, It is a Gift From the Creator, 1388. [13] Ibid, 1384. [14] Pinto, Peacemaking as Ceremony, 282. [15] Meyer, It is a Gift From the Creator, 1383. [16] Pinto, Peacemaking as Ceremony, 283. [17] Brown, Nation's Peacemaker Division, 47.

Essay on Polynomial and Great Falls College

Essay on Polynomial and Great Falls College Essay on Polynomial and Great Falls College INSTITUTION: Great Falls College Montana State University COURSE TITLE: College Algebra COURSE NUMBER: M 121- ­Ã¢â‚¬ 80, M 121- ­Ã¢â‚¬ 81 NUMBER OF CREDITS: 3 SEMESTER/YEAR: Fall 2013 INSTRUCTOR: Ronald Yates Email: ronald.yates2@gfcmsu.edu Office Hours: By appointment I. COURSE DESCRIPTION: This course presents concepts, principles and methods of college- ­Ã¢â‚¬ level algebra. Topics to be covered include polynomial, rational, radical, exponential, and logarithmic functions and their graphs, and real and complex numbers. II. COURSE MATERIALS: Textbook: College Algebra: Graphs and Models, Fifth Edition, by Bittinger/Beecher/Ellenbogen/Penna, published by Pearson Access Code: MyMathLab access code is packaged within new textbooks or may be purchased separately. Calculator: A scientific calculator is required. A TI- ­Ã¢â‚¬ 83/84 (or equivalent) graphing calculator is strongly recommended. A calculator with a symbolic manipulator (TI- ­Ã¢â‚¬ 89, TI- ­Ã¢â‚¬  92, etc.) will not be allowed for testing. III. COURSE OBJECTIVES: Upon completion of the course, the student will demonstrate a minimum competency level of 70% in the following areas: 1. Manipulate real and complex numbers. 2. Manipulate polynomial, rational, radical, exponential, and logarithmic functions of a real variable. 3. Graph polynomial, rational, radical, exponential, and logarithmic functions of a real variable. 4. Find inverse functions for selected polynomial, rational, radical, exponential, and logarithmic functions of a real variable. 5. Use polynomial, rational, radical, exponential, and logarithmic functions of a real variable to model real- ­Ã¢â‚¬ world phenomena and solve applied problems. Revised August 2013 IV. COURSE OUTLINE: (See Addendum for Detailed Calendar) Chapter 1: Graphs, Functions, and Models Chapter 2: More on Functions Chapter 3: Quadratic Functions and Equations; Inequalities Chapter 4: Polynomial and Rational Functions Chapter 5: Exponential & Logarithmic Functions V. COURSE CALENDAR – See Addendum This schedule is subject to change at the discretion of the course instructor to accommodate instructional and/or student needs. VI. COURSE EVALUATION – See Addendum for Details

Ideas for Kindergarten Science Fair Projects

Ideas for Kindergarten Science Fair Projects Kindergarten science projects give kindergarten students the opportunity to explore science by making observations and predictions based on the observations. Concepts should be easy to understand and materials used in the science projects should be non-toxic and easy for small hands to manage. In many cases, kindergarten science involves group projects, so students can brainstorm ideas. Here are some examples of kindergarten science projects. Experiment with ColorEither offer students finger paints in the primary colors, clay, or food coloring solutions and ask them to predict what will happen when they mix two of the colors. What do they expect will happen when they mix ​an  unequal amount of colors? What if they mix all three colors?​ If possible, offer colored transparent sheets or tissue paper. Mixing colors of light produces very different results from mixing paints! Ask students what makes light different. This exercise offers a good opportunity to discuss the concept of a hypothesis. Ask kindergarten students to predict what will happen when different colors are mixed. Explain that one different between a guess and a hypothesis is that a hypothesis is based on information gathered from observations.Blow a Bigger BubbleAsk students if they think all bubble wands produce the same size and shape of bubbles. Test various bubble wands to see if their predictions are accurate. See if kindergarten students can make their own bubble wands from materials such as straw, strings, rolled and taped pieces of paper, etc. Which bubble wand produced the best bubble? Liquids and MixturesPrepare containers of oil, water, and syrup. Ask the kindergarten students to describe the properties of the liquids and to make predictions about what will happen if these liquids are mixed together. Have students mix the liquids and discuss what happened.What Makes Something Alive?Gather a collection of living and nonliving objects. Ask kindergarten students to decide what characteristics are necessary for something to be alive. Do the living objects possess these characteristics? How about the non-living objects?Density ProjectHave students study density. Explain the concept of density. Collect small objects that can fit in a cup of water (e.g., coin, ​a  piece of wood, plastic toy, stone, polystyrene foam). Ask the students to order the objects according to density, then drop each item into the water and see what happens.Explore MagnetismTalk about magnetism. Take a pair of bar magnets and ask students to predict which materials might be magnetic. Hav e the kindergarten students test objects for magnetism. Now ask ​a  student to predict what will happen when two magnets approach each other. Discuss the results. Diffusion and TemperaturePrepare a glass of hot water and a glass of cold water. Ask kindergarten students what they expect will happen when food coloring is dropped into a glass of water. Do they think there will be a difference between what happens if the temperature of the water is changed? Investigate what happens when the food coloring is dripped into each glass and discuss the process of diffusion.Describe an EcosystemWhat is an ecosystem? This science project involves having kindergarten students come up with a definition for an ecosystem. Then, go outside, measure off a square meter of ground, and have students catalog what is in that particular ecosystem. The concept of a food chain could be introduced as well.ClassificationScientists classify animals, plants, minerals, and stars according to similarities. Often, there are disagreements about the best way to group things. Offer students a variety of objects and ask them to classify them and explain how they were grouped. If students choose different groupings, open the discussion so students understand why it sometimes takes scientists hundreds of years to reach agreement. This exercise also demonstrates there may be more than one right way to accomplish a task in science. Star Versus PlanetIn the modern age, astronomers seek planets using high powered magnification and a variety of instruments that detect types of radiation. How do kindergarten students think early scientists knew the difference between stars and planets? Ask students to go outside and find at least one planet in the night sky. Many free apps are available to make this easy. Then, ask them to compare the appearance of a planet to the stars and identify differences between them. Ask them how reliable they think these criteria are.

Businesses and Jobs in Saudi Arabia Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Businesses and Jobs in Saudi Arabia - Essay Example Businesses in Saudi Arabia According to the annual â€Å"Doing Business† report (Reuters) issued by the International Finance Corporation (IFC)-World Bank for 2010, the kingdom of Saudi Arabia was listed as the world’s 13th most economically competitive country. In addition, as per the Reuters report, the country has been considered as a potential region for business operations in the Arab World and the entire Middle East (Reuters). â€Å"Saudi Arabian companies dominate 2009’s â€Å"MEED 100†, with companies listed on the Tadawul accounting for 29 out of the region’s 100 biggest publicly quoted companies ranked by market capitalization† (Economy of Saudi Arabia). While analyzing the major business sectors of Saudi Arabia, the petroleum production, natural gas, chemicals, cement, fertilizer, plastics, and construction are the major industrial segments of the country. Among this, petroleum industry provides large scale business opportunities in the country. As Alyousef and Abu-ebid point out, statistical data show that Saudi Arabian petroleum sector accounts for nearly 55% of the GDP, 90% of export revenues, and 45% of budget earnings. In addition, private sector represents roughly 40% of the GDP. As of 2002, over 95% of the Kingdom’s oil business was initiated by the parastatal giant Saudi Aramco on behalf of the country’s government. ... As per the Saudi Gazette, the country’s exports of chemical products increased from $10.8 million in 2005 to $16.2 million in 2008 (Saudi Gazette). For more details on the KSA’s international trade see figure 11. The above diagram indicates Saudi Arabia’s international trade over the last few years. The graph clearly indicates that value of Saudi Arabia’s total exports is always less than that of the country’s total imports. The country’s business sector has been showing greater improvements since Saudi Arabia became the member of WTO in 2005. Oil and petroleum industries have a significant influence on the country’s international trade. According to the information released by the International Trade Center, Saudi Arabia’s total exports represented $213.4 billion in 2010. With 17.2% of the Kingdom’s exports, United States is ranked as the country’s biggest exporter partner. Saudi Arabia has significant trade relat ionship with countries like Japan, South Korea, and Taiwan also. Jobs in Saudi Arabia Historically, the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia provides extensive employment opportunities to the country’s citizens and immigrants. Statistical data indicate that KSA economy is currently employing nearly five and a half million foreign workers. It seems that the KSA government encourages the country’s private sector growth with intent to meet the employment needs of swelling Saudi population. However, the economic downturn in 2009 led to unemployment hike in the Saudi Arabia. In order to overcome the adverse impacts of the economic downturn, the KSA government adopted a new employment strategy in 2009. However, recent reports indicate that the company is gradually improving its

Negative or Bad News Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Negative or Bad News - Assignment Example At this point of time, we cannot hand over speakership to Ms Rivera because her technology is different from what we want to highlight in this session of Annual Conference. So we can say that specifically we have to refuse Ms Rivera about her request. It might be possible that Ms Rivera will think that we do not value our working relationships. She may also feel that her sacrifices for our company had no worth at all. She will feel down and negative about the company because she is very much willing to promote her latest technology in the High Tech Annual Conference. It can be expected that Ms Rivera will not be on the same good terms after this refusal just because we are not agree to give her company the speakership of the Annual Conference. In our case, the primary audience is Maribel Rivera, the owner of another manufacturing company who is supporting our company and this Annual Conference from last 8 years. She is always there for handling any problem. She even took the responsibility of a presentation at the last moment when one of our presenters refused to take part in the conference in the last years’ conference. It may be possible that this message will put a negative effect on our good and sound relationships. In addition to it, it is also possible that she will not attend our Annual Conference for the appreciation of technology. In order to minimize the negative impact of the message, it is quite necessary to communicate the actual reason of refusal of request in a sugarcoated manner, so that the working partner may not feel bad for it. We need to inform them about the main idea of the High Tceh Annual Conference of this year i.e. we are focusing on the Robotics and Technological interventions in medical fields. Another highlight should be the purpose of grabbing the national and international media attention. We can also tell her that if she would participate in the conference then it is quite possible that her technology is